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Related Concept Videos

Urea Cycle01:23

Urea Cycle

The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.
Ureters01:22

Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
Synthesis of α-Substituted Carbonyl Compounds: The Stork Enamine Reaction01:26

Synthesis of α-Substituted Carbonyl Compounds: The Stork Enamine Reaction

α-Substituted ketones or aldehydes can be synthesized from enamines by the Stork enamine reaction, named after its pioneer Gilbert Stork. Enamines are useful synthetic intermediates where the lone pair on nitrogen is in conjugation with the C=C bond. They resemble enolate ions, as the resonance forms of both species have a nucleophilic α carbon.
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
Organic Compounds03:02

Organic Compounds

All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...

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High-resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Studying Chemical Constituents of Gynura bicolor DC
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Two new compounds from Urena lobata L.

Lu Jia1, Yue-Feng Bi, Lin-Lin Jing

  • 1School of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.

Journal of Asian Natural Products Research
|November 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Two novel compounds were identified from Urena lobata L. aerial parts. Their structures were elucidated using advanced spectroscopic techniques, including NMR and mass spectrometry.

Area of Science:

  • Phytochemistry
  • Natural Product Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry

Background:

  • Urena lobata L. is a plant species with a history of traditional medicinal uses.
  • The chemical constituents of Urena lobata L. are not fully explored.
  • Isolation and characterization of novel compounds contribute to understanding plant bioactivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To isolate and characterize new chemical compounds from the aerial parts of Urena lobata L.
  • To elucidate the structures of these novel compounds using comprehensive analytical methods.
  • To contribute to the phytochemical knowledge of the Urena genus.

Main Methods:

  • Extraction of compounds from the aerial parts of Urena lobata L.
  • Purification of isolated compounds using chromatographic techniques.

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  • Structure elucidation using 1D and 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and High-Resolution Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS).

    • Main Results:

    • Two new compounds were successfully isolated from Urena lobata L.
    • Compound 1 was identified as ceplignan-4-O-β-d-glucoside.
    • Compound 2, named urenoside A, was characterized as a complex anhydride derivative of 2,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid and a modified octadienoic acid, linked to a disaccharide moiety.

    Conclusions:

    • The study successfully identified and structurally characterized two new compounds from Urena lobata L.
    • The findings expand the known phytochemical profile of Urena lobata L.
    • The detailed structural information provides a basis for further investigation into the biological activities of these compounds.