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Related Concept Videos

Integrins01:10

Integrins

Animal and protozoan cells do not have cell walls to help maintain shape and provide structural stability. Instead, these eukaryotic cells secrete a sticky mass of carbohydrates and proteins into the spaces between adjacent cells. This network of proteins and molecules is called an extracellular matrix or ECM.
Some ECM proteins assemble into a basement membrane to which the remaining components adhere. Proteoglycans typically form the bulk of the ECM while fibrous proteins, like collagen,...
Tight Junctions01:29

Tight Junctions

Tight junctions are molecular seals between cells that prevent the leaking of fluids, ions, and other small solutes across cavities and compartments in multicellular organisms. They are mainly composed of claudin and occludin transmembrane proteins, and other proteins such as tricellulin and JAM (junctional adhesion molecule). All these proteins are 4-pass transmembrane proteins, except JAM, which is a single-pass transmembrane protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. The...
Gap Junctions01:37

Gap Junctions

Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
Gap Junctions01:27

Gap Junctions

The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
Anchoring Junctions01:03

Anchoring Junctions

Anchoring junctions are multiprotein complexes that help cells connect to other cells and the extracellular matrix. Anchoring junctions are present on the lateral and basal surfaces of cells, providing strong and flexible connections. Focal adhesions are often formed due to cell interactions with the ECM substrata, which initiate signal transduction via kinase cascades and other mechanisms. Together, they provide stability and tissue integrity. There are three types of anchoring junctions:...
Activation of Integrins01:15

Activation of Integrins

Integrins bind ligands and transmit information from outside the cell to inside or vice-versa through an "outside-in signaling" or "inside-out signaling."
In "outside-in signaling," external factors in the extracellular space bind to exposed ligand binding sites on integrins. This causes the inactive protein to undergo a conformational change to become active. Integrins are often clustered on the cell membrane. Repetitive and regularly spaced ligand binding events provide an effective stimulus.

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Annexins.

Anuphon Laohavisit1, Julia M Davies

  • 1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

The New Phytologist
|November 19, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plant annexins are versatile proteins involved in various cellular processes and environmental responses. Recent research highlights their role in linking calcium, redox, and lipid signaling pathways to regulate plant development and survival.

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Published on: November 1, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Cellular signaling
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Annexins are multifunctional proteins that bind lipids and are involved in various cellular processes.
  • Plant annexins are expressed throughout development and are influenced by environmental conditions.
  • Their membrane association is regulated by factors like Ca(2+), pH, voltage, and lipid identity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in plant annexin research.
  • To explore the basis of annexin multifunctionality in plants.
  • To suggest potential roles of annexins in plant cell life and death.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on plant annexins.
  • Analysis of known annexin functions and regulatory mechanisms.
  • Synthesis of current understanding to propose functional models.

Main Results:

  • Plant annexins exhibit diverse functions including exocytosis, actin binding, peroxidase activity, and ion transport.
  • Annexins integrate calcium, redox, and lipid signaling pathways.
  • These proteins play a role in coordinating plant development with environmental stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • Annexins are key regulators linking various signaling pathways to cellular processes.
  • Plant annexins are crucial for adapting to biotic and abiotic stresses.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate their roles in plant cell fate decisions.