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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Accessing the Subdural Space of the Rodent Spinal Cord for Treatment Delivery
07:54

Accessing the Subdural Space of the Rodent Spinal Cord for Treatment Delivery

Published on: August 8, 2025

Endoscopic approaches to the spinal cord.

Erich Talamoni Fonoff1, William Omar Contreras Lopez, Ywzhe Sifuentes Almeida de Oliveira

  • 1Division of Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology of School of Medicine of University of São Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, São Paulo, 01060-970, Brazil. fonoffet@usp.br

Acta Neurochirurgica. Supplement
|November 26, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces novel endoscopic techniques for minimally invasive spinal cord access, enabling diagnosis and treatment of various neurological conditions. These video-assisted procedures offer a safer alternative for spinal cord interventions, improving patient outcomes.

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Surgical Technique for Spinal Cord Delivery of Therapies: Demonstration of Procedure in Gottingen Minipigs
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Surgical Technique for Spinal Cord Delivery of Therapies: Demonstration of Procedure in Gottingen Minipigs

Published on: December 7, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Accessing the Subdural Space of the Rodent Spinal Cord for Treatment Delivery
07:54

Accessing the Subdural Space of the Rodent Spinal Cord for Treatment Delivery

Published on: August 8, 2025

Surgical Technique for Spinal Cord Delivery of Therapies: Demonstration of Procedure in Gottingen Minipigs
09:23

Surgical Technique for Spinal Cord Delivery of Therapies: Demonstration of Procedure in Gottingen Minipigs

Published on: December 7, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Minimally Invasive Procedures
  • Spinal Cord Surgery

Background:

  • Minimally invasive techniques have advanced intracranial access for various conditions.
  • Endoscopic approaches show promise for spinal disorders but have not reached the spinal cord.
  • Current limitations exist in accessing the spinal cord for diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe novel endoscopic approaches for accessing the spinal cord.
  • To detail diagnostic (biopsies) and therapeutic (radiofrequency ablation) applications.
  • To present three distinct endoscopic techniques for spinal canal access.

Main Methods:

  • Development and application of three endoscopic surgical approaches.
  • Targeting craniocervical, cervicothoracic, and lumbosacral spinal regions.
  • Utilizing endoscopy for procedures like cordotomies, rhizotomies, and cyst debridement.

Main Results:

  • Successful endoscopic access to the entire spinal canal was achieved.
  • Procedures included biopsies, radiofrequency ablation, and cyst debridement.
  • Endoscopic techniques avoided contrast media and reduced risks of vascular injury.

Conclusions:

  • Endoscopic spinal cord access is feasible and offers minimally invasive solutions.
  • This technique can aid in diagnosis, pain management, and treatment of conditions like syringomyelia.
  • Future applications may include treating spasticity and managing cerebrospinal fluid flow.