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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
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The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
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Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells
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Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells

Published on: October 27, 2020

Arkadia--beyond the TGF-β pathway.

Kohei Miyazono1, Daizo Koinuma

  • 1Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan. miyazono@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Journal of Biochemistry
|November 27, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Arkadia (Rnf111) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase crucial for embryonic development and disease progression. It amplifies transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling and influences other pathways like epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling.

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Published on: September 14, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Arkadia (ring finger 111, Rnf111) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase.
  • It amplifies transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling by degrading negative regulators like Smad7, c-Ski, and SnoN.
  • Arkadia is vital for embryonic development and implicated in fibrosis and cancer progression via TGF-β signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the broader roles of Arkadia beyond TGF-β signaling.
  • To explore Arkadia's interactions with other cellular components and signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated Arkadia's protein interactions.
  • Analyzed Arkadia's role in endocytosis and receptor trafficking.
  • Studied the impact of Arkadia on non-TGF-β signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • Arkadia interacts with the clathrin-adaptor 2 (AP2) complex.
  • Arkadia regulates the endocytosis of cell surface receptors.
  • This interaction modulates epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling and potentially other pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Arkadia's function extends beyond TGF-β pathway regulation.
  • Arkadia influences cellular signaling through its role in endocytosis.
  • These findings reveal new mechanisms by which Arkadia impacts cellular processes and disease.