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Related Concept Videos

Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct regions...

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A Personalized 3D-Printed Model for Preoperative Evaluation in Thyroid Surgery
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Goiter depicted in Byzantine artworks.

László G Józsa1

  • 1Department of Pathology, National Institute of Traumatology, Budapest, Hungary. jozsalg@gmail.com

Hormones (Athens, Greece)
|November 30, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Byzantine sacral art reveals numerous physiological and pathological conditions, including goiter. However, these depictions do not represent the general population

Area of Science:

  • Medical history
  • Art history
  • Byzantine studies

Background:

  • Western civilization's sacral art pathologies are well-documented.
  • Byzantine sacral art, rich in detail, has been largely overlooked in pathological studies.

Observation:

  • A study analyzed 500 Byzantine artworks.
  • 119 artworks depicted 36 distinct physiological or pathological conditions.
  • Conditions included gravidity, labor, goiter, joint diseases, and palsy.

Findings:

  • Goiter was observed in 42 individuals (females, males, children, and angels).
  • The prevalence of goiter suggests potential iodine deficiency in the Byzantine era.
  • While diverse pathologies are evident, they are not representative of the general population.

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Implications:

  • Byzantine art offers valuable insights into historical health and disease.
  • This research highlights the need for further investigation into Byzantine medical history through art.
  • The findings underscore the importance of considering artistic evidence in understanding past populations' health.