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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Pipe Systems01:21

Multiple Pipe Systems

Multipipe systems consist of complex configurations of interconnected pipes designed to transport fluids efficiently across intricate networks. They are essential in engineering applications requiring precise control over flow distribution, pressure, and head loss. They are categorized into series, parallel, loop, and network configurations, each distinguished by unique flow characteristics and applications.
Series Configuration
In a series configuration, fluid flows sequentially from one pipe...
Laminar Flow01:27

Laminar Flow

Laminar flow represents a smooth, orderly fluid motion where particles move along parallel paths, resulting in minimal mixing between layers. Streamlined particle paths characterize this flow regime and occur under conditions where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. The distinction between laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow is primarily determined by the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity calculated as:
Single Pipe Systems01:24

Single Pipe Systems

In pipe flow analysis, problems are typically categorized into three types — Type I, Type II, and Type III — based on the known parameters and the desired outcome. Each type of problem addresses specific engineering requirements using fluid properties, pipe characteristics, and operational conditions.
In a Type I problem, fluid properties (density and viscosity), pipe characteristics (including diameter, length, and surface roughness), and the flow rate or average velocity are known. The...

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Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions
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Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

Published on: June 12, 2016

Hue manifold.

Rumi Tokunaga1, Alexander D Logvinenko

  • 11Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Katahira Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan. rumi.tokunaga@riec.tohoku.ac.jp

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision
|December 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Color perception is typically circular under even light. However, this study reveals that varying illumination conditions transform hue arrangements into a two-dimensional torus shape, challenging existing models.

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Area of Science:

  • Color Science
  • Perceptual Psychology

Background:

  • The traditional understanding of color perception posits a circular arrangement of hues.
  • Multidimensional scaling (MDS) supports this by mapping perceptual dissimilarities to Euclidean distances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the geometric configuration of hues under different illumination conditions.
  • To challenge the established one-dimensional circular model of color perception.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing multidimensional scaling (MDS) to analyze perceptual dissimilarities of colored papers.
  • Comparing hue configurations under uniform versus variegated illumination.

Main Results:

  • Under uniform illumination, hues form a one-dimensional circular configuration.
  • Under variegated illumination, the same hues arrange into a two-dimensional toroidal shape.

Conclusions:

  • Illumination conditions significantly impact the perceived geometric structure of color space.
  • The established circular model of hue is insufficient under complex lighting; a toroidal model is proposed.