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Related Concept Videos

Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Complement System01:27

Complement System

The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a membrane...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Measurement of T Cell Alloreactivity Using Imaging Flow Cytometry
09:04

Measurement of T Cell Alloreactivity Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

Published on: April 19, 2017

Complement regulation of T-cell alloimmunity.

Hugo Raedler1, Peter S Heeger

  • 1Department of Medicine, Recanati Miller Transplant Institute and Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.

Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation
|December 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Complement proteins, produced by immune cells, regulate T-cell responses and transplant rejection. Targeting complement may offer new therapies for allograft injury and autoimmune diseases.

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Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
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Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

Measurement of T Cell Alloreactivity Using Imaging Flow Cytometry
09:04

Measurement of T Cell Alloreactivity Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

Published on: April 19, 2017

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients
18:48

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

Published on: August 12, 2017

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
09:47

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplantation immunology
  • Complement system biology

Background:

  • The complement system is traditionally viewed as a key effector of antibody-mediated immunity.
  • Recent research reveals a more complex role for complement within cellular immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on complement's role in regulating T-cell immune responses.
  • To discuss the implications of these findings for allograft injury and potential therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on complement and T-cell interactions.
  • Analysis of experimental data implicating complement in T-cell activation, differentiation, and survival.
  • Examination of studies involving complement modulation in models of autoimmunity and transplantation.

Main Results:

  • Immune cells, including T cells and antigen-presenting cells, produce complement proteins and express complement receptors.
  • Locally activated, immune cell-derived complement (via C3a and C5a) promotes immune cell activation and differentiation.
  • Complement deficiency or blockade inhibits T-cell-mediated autoimmunity and transplant rejection.
  • Modulation of complement regulatory proteins affects T-cell immunity and graft rejection.

Conclusions:

  • Immune cell-derived complement plays a physiological role in regulating T-cell survival, proliferation, and adaptive immune responses.
  • These findings highlight complement's diverse involvement in allograft injury.
  • Further development and testing of complement inhibitors are warranted for transplant recipients.