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Related Concept Videos

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
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¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

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Blind Procedures02:07

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Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which child was...

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Slice It Hot: Acute Adult Brain Slicing in Physiological Temperature
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Published on: October 30, 2014

Tablet-splitting: a common yet not so innocent practice.

Charlotte Verrue1, Els Mehuys, Koen Boussery

  • 1Pharmaceutical Care Unit, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, and Department of Geriatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium. charlotte.verrue@ugent.be

Journal of Advanced Nursing
|December 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tablet splitting can lead to significant weight loss and dose deviation. Using a dedicated splitting device minimizes these issues, ensuring more accurate medication dosing compared to manual methods or scissors.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Drug Delivery Systems
  • Medication Management

Background:

  • Tablet splitting is common for dose flexibility, ease of swallowing, and cost savings.
  • However, tablet splitting often results in unequal parts and significant weight loss.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify mean deviation from theoretical weight and mean weight loss after tablet splitting.
  • To compare three common tablet-splitting methods: a splitting device, scissors/manual splitting, and a kitchen knife.

Main Methods:

  • Five volunteers split eight different tablets using three methods.
  • Tablets and parts were weighed before and after splitting using an analytical balance.
  • Data were collected in 2007.

Main Results:

  • The splitting device (method 1) resulted in statistically significant lower mean deviation from theoretical weight.
  • Method 1 also induced significantly less weight loss compared to scissors/manual splitting (method 2) and kitchen knife (method 3).
  • No significant difference in deviation or weight loss was found between method 2 and method 3.

Conclusions:

  • Tablet splitting can cause substantial dose deviations and weight loss.
  • These inaccuracies may have serious clinical implications for narrow therapeutic index drugs.
  • A splitting device is recommended to minimize errors when tablet splitting is necessary.