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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Controlled Antenatal Thyroid Screening Study III: Effects of Gestational Thyroid Status on Brain Microstructure.

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Controlled Antenatal Thyroid Screening Study III: Effects of Gestational Thyroid Status on Adolescent Brain Morphology.

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A systematic review of iodine intake in children, adults, and pregnant women in Europe-comparison against dietary recommendations and evaluation of dietary iodine sources.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Quantitating Iron Transport Across the Mouse Placenta In Vivo Using Nonradioactive Iron Isotopes
08:45

Quantitating Iron Transport Across the Mouse Placenta In Vivo Using Nonradioactive Iron Isotopes

Published on: May 10, 2022

Thyroid function in pregnancy.

John H Lazarus1

  • 1Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, UK. lazarus@cf.ac.uk

British Medical Bulletin
|December 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Proper interpretation of thyroid function tests during pregnancy requires gestational-specific reference ranges. Managing thyroid disorders in pregnancy involves specific medication adjustments and antibody testing for accurate diagnosis and optimal fetal well-being.

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In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Quantitating Iron Transport Across the Mouse Placenta In Vivo Using Nonradioactive Iron Isotopes
08:45

Quantitating Iron Transport Across the Mouse Placenta In Vivo Using Nonradioactive Iron Isotopes

Published on: May 10, 2022

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Obstetrics
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Thyroid function during pregnancy is crucial for both maternal and fetal health.
  • Abnormal thyroid function can negatively impact obstetric outcomes and fetal development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding and identify areas of agreement, controversy, and future research in thyroid function during pregnancy.
  • To highlight the importance of accurate thyroid function assessment and management in pregnant individuals.

Main Methods:

  • A PubMed search was conducted using the terms "thyroid" and "pregnancy".
  • Key areas of consensus, debate, and emerging research were identified and synthesized.

Main Results:

  • Gestational normative reference ranges are essential for interpreting thyroid function tests.
  • Thyroid-stimulating antibodies and antithyroid peroxidase antibodies aid in diagnosing thyroid disease.
  • Treatment protocols include specific drug choices (propylthiouracil, carbimazole, methimazole) and dosage adjustments for levothyroxine during pregnancy.

Conclusions:

  • Establishing gestational-specific thyroid hormone reference ranges is critical.
  • Further research is needed on placental thyroid hormone physiology, therapy, and screening strategies.
  • Standardized screening and management protocols are vital for optimizing maternal and fetal outcomes.