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Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...

Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

Published on: July 16, 2012

A "one-two punch" leading to hepatitis C seroconversion.

Ellen H Nagami¹, Arthur Y Kim, Christopher E Birch

¹Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, USA. enagami@partners.org

Clinical Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

|December 30, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Acute hepatitis C virus infection can occur after altercations in correctional facilities. This highlights the urgent need for improved infection control in prisons due to high hepatitis C prevalence.

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Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Public Health
Epidemiology

Background:

The prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is significantly higher in correctional facilities compared to the general population.
Traumatic altercations in prisons present potential routes for infectious disease transmission.

Observation:

A case of acute Hepatitis C Virus infection is detailed in this report.
The infection was contracted by a prison inmate following a physical altercation.

Findings:

Traumatic physical altercations can serve as a transmission event for Hepatitis C Virus.
The risk of HCV transmission is elevated in incarcerated populations due to higher prevalence and potential for exposure.

Implications:

Findings underscore the critical need for enhanced infection control strategies within correctional settings.
Current prison and jail infection control policies may require revision to address the specific risks associated with HCV transmission.
Implementing targeted screening and prevention programs for Hepatitis C Virus in prisons is crucial for public health.