Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Plane Electromagnetic Waves I01:30

Plane Electromagnetic Waves I

4.0K
The existence of combined electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as electromagnetic (EM) waves is the most significant prediction of Maxwell's equations. As Maxwell's equations hold in free space, the predicted electromagnetic waves do not require a medium for their propagation. An EM wave comprises an electric field, defined as the force per charge on a stationary charge, and a magnetic field, which is the force per charge on a moving charge.
The EM field is assumed to be a...
4.0K
Plane Electromagnetic Waves II01:29

Plane Electromagnetic Waves II

3.1K
Consider a plane wavefront traveling in position x-direction with a constant speed. This wavefront can be utilized to obtain the relationship between electric and magnetic fields with the help of Faraday's law.
3.1K
Divergence and Stokes' Theorems01:06

Divergence and Stokes' Theorems

3.9K
The divergence and Stokes' theorems are a variation of Green's theorem in a higher dimension. They are also a generalization of the fundamental theorem of calculus. The divergence theorem and Stokes' theorem are in a way similar to each other; The divergence theorem relates to the dot product of a vector, while Stokes' theorem relates to the curl of a vector. Many applications in physics and engineering make use of the divergence and Stokes' theorems, enabling us to write...
3.9K
Stokes' Law01:20

Stokes' Law

3.5K
Viscous forces, like friction, are intermolecular forces that resist the relative motion of molecules over each other. When a solid body moves through a liquid, viscous forces drag it in the opposite direction. The force's magnitude depends on the solid's shape and size, as well as its speed and the liquid's coefficient of viscosity, density and temperature.
The expression for the force on a solid spherical object in a fluid is called Stokes' law. Stokes' law is valid only...
3.5K
Distribution of Stresses in a Narrow Rectangular Beam01:11

Distribution of Stresses in a Narrow Rectangular Beam

726
In studying beam stress distribution, examining an elemental section is essential. To determine the average shearing stress on this face, the calculated shear is divided by the surface area. Importantly, shearing stresses on the beam's transverse and horizontal planes mirror each other, indicating a consistent stress distribution along the upper region of the beam. Notably, shearing stresses are absent at the beam's upper and lower surfaces due to the absence of applied forces in these...
726
Principal Stresses in a Beam01:11

Principal Stresses in a Beam

905
In prismatic beams subject to arbitrary transverse loading, It is essential to analyze the interaction between shear forces and bending moments in order to understand stress distribution and ensure structural integrity. The highest normal or bending stress occurs at the outer fibers of the beam, decreasing linearly to zero at the neutral axis. In contrast, shear stress peaks at the neutral axis and diminishes toward the outer surfaces.
Analyzing principal stresses is crucial, especially in...
905

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Electromagnetic generalized Schell-model vortex beams.

Optics express·2025
Same author

Fourier hybrid circular Airy vortex beam.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2025
Same author

Convolutional-neural-network-assisted parameter identification in elliptical Airy vortex beams.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2025
Same author

Dual-Laguerre Gaussian pseudo-Schell model beams.

Optics express·2025
Same author

Electromagnetic multi-sinc Schell-model beams and their statistical characteristics.

Optics express·2025
Same author

Difference of two sinc Schell-model cross-spectral density matrices.

Optics express·2025
Same journal

Denoising algorithm of Φ-OTDR systems based on adaptive fractional wavelet transform denoising.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Millisecond photon-to-photon latency and high-speed volumetric projection system for optogenetics.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Polarization-encoded coaxial structured light for high-precision 3D surface profilometry.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Discrete freeform optical design based on collaborative optimization of point cloud and local normals.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Ultrafast ghost imaging with 25 GHz speckle switching and wavelength-division multiplexing.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Atomic vapor cells fabricated by femtosecond laser welding of standard-optical-quality glass.

Optics express·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators
12:21

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Published on: April 4, 2016

10.7K

Generalized Stokes parameters of rectangular hard-edge diffracted random electromagnetic beams.

Zhangrong Mei1

  • 1Department of Physics, Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, China. meizhangrong@yahoo.com

Optics Express
|January 4, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers derived analytical formulas for random electromagnetic beams passing through rectangular apertures. This allows predicting changes in spectral density, coherence, and polarization properties in optical systems.

More Related Videos

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Microgels
11:34

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Microgels

Published on: September 8, 2016

9.6K
Sample Preparation and Experimental Design for In Situ Multi-Beam Transmission Electron Microscopy Irradiation Experiments
08:31

Sample Preparation and Experimental Design for In Situ Multi-Beam Transmission Electron Microscopy Irradiation Experiments

Published on: June 27, 2022

2.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 1, 2026

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators
12:21

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Published on: April 4, 2016

10.7K
Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Microgels
11:34

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Microgels

Published on: September 8, 2016

9.6K
Sample Preparation and Experimental Design for In Situ Multi-Beam Transmission Electron Microscopy Irradiation Experiments
08:31

Sample Preparation and Experimental Design for In Situ Multi-Beam Transmission Electron Microscopy Irradiation Experiments

Published on: June 27, 2022

2.1K

Area of Science:

  • Optics
  • Electromagnetism
  • Mathematical Physics

Background:

  • The propagation of random electromagnetic beams through optical systems is crucial for understanding light-matter interactions.
  • Characterizing the statistical properties of these beams, including spectral density, coherence, and polarization, is essential for various applications.
  • Rectangular hard-edged apertures introduce complex diffraction effects that need accurate analytical treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive analytical formulas for generalized Stokes parameters of random electromagnetic beams diffracted by a rectangular aperture.
  • To investigate the statistical properties of these beams after propagation through a paraxial ABCD optical system.
  • To provide a theoretical framework for predicting changes in spectral density, coherence, and polarization.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the complex Gaussian expansion method for a two-dimensional rectangular hard-edged aperture.
  • Deriving analytical formulas for generalized Stokes parameters.
  • Applying these formulas to analyze beam propagation through paraxial ABCD optical systems.

Main Results:

  • Analytical formulas for generalized Stokes parameters were successfully derived.
  • The method allows for the determination of changes in spectral density, spectral degree of coherence, and polarization properties.
  • Numerical examples demonstrate the predicted statistical property variations.

Conclusions:

  • The complex Gaussian expansion method provides an effective analytical approach for studying random electromagnetic beams diffracted by rectangular apertures.
  • The derived formulas enable precise prediction of statistical property evolution in paraxial optical systems.
  • This work offers a valuable tool for designing and analyzing optical systems involving rectangular apertures and random electromagnetic beams.