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Related Concept Videos

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...
Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:16

Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Adrenergic agonists' structure-activity relationship (SAR) determines their selectivity and efficacy. These agonists comprise a phenylethylamine moiety with an aromatic ring and an ethylamine side chain.
Aromatic ring substitutions: Substituting the aromatic ring with –OH groups at positions 3 and 4 yields catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), which have a high affinity for adrenoceptors. Hydrogen bonding between –OH groups and receptors enhances adrenergic activity.
Separation of the aromatic...
Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives01:35

Loss of Carboxy Group as CO2: Decarboxylation of Malonic Acid Derivatives

Just like β-keto acids—which upon thermal decarboxylation form ketones—β-dicarboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation to generate monocarboxylic acids with the liberation of carbon dioxide.
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.

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Updated: Jun 5, 2026

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics
14:18

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

Published on: May 27, 2014

3-Hydroxy-adamantane-1-acetic acid.

Xiao-Hong Geng1, Li-Chun Kong, Yun-Long Feng

  • 1Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Reactive Chemistry on Solid Surfaces, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|January 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The crystal structure of a novel adamantane derivative was determined using X-ray diffraction. This organic compound features intermolecular hydrogen bonds that create a unique chain formation in its solid state.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Adamantane derivatives are known for their unique cage-like structures.
  • Understanding the solid-state packing and intermolecular interactions is crucial for predicting material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of a specific adamantane derivative (C12H18O3).
  • To investigate the intermolecular forces stabilizing the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to determine the atomic arrangement.
  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data was collected and processed.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure of C12H18O3 was successfully resolved.
  • Intermolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were identified as the primary stabilizing force.
  • These hydrogen bonds organize the molecules into a one-dimensional chain.

Conclusions:

  • The determined crystal structure provides fundamental insights into the solid-state behavior of this adamantane derivative.
  • The observed hydrogen bonding network highlights the importance of non-covalent interactions in molecular self-assembly.
  • This structural information can guide the design of new adamantane-based materials.