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Related Concept Videos

Photoelectric Effect02:26

Photoelectric Effect

When light of a particular wavelength strikes a metal surface, electrons are emitted. This is called the photoelectric effect. The minimum frequency of light that can cause such emission of electrons is called the threshold frequency, which is specific to the metal. Light with a frequency lower than the threshold frequency, even if it is of high intensity, cannot initiate the emission of electrons. However, when the frequency is higher than the threshold value, the number of electrons ejected...
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
P-N junction01:11

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

A Polymer-based Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvester with a 3D Meshed-Core Structure
09:51

A Polymer-based Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvester with a 3D Meshed-Core Structure

Published on: February 20, 2019

Cyclic energy harvesting from pyroelectric materials.

Poorna Mane1, Jingsi Xie, Kam K Leang

  • 1Mechanical Engineering Department, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. pmane@umich.edu

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
|January 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a cyclic heating method for pyroelectric energy harvesting, outperforming traditional static methods. This innovative approach maximizes energy capture from pyroelectric materials over time.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Energy Harvesting
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Traditional pyroelectric energy harvesting relies on static heat sources, limiting continuous energy capture.
  • Most available energy must be harvested simultaneously, leading to inefficiencies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel method for continuous energy harvesting from pyroelectric materials using a cyclic heating scheme.
  • To investigate the performance of different pyroelectric materials under cyclic heating conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a cyclic heating system with alternating hot and cold regions.
  • Utilized radiation heating and natural cooling with varying cyclic frequencies.
  • Tested three materials: soft lead zirconate titanate (PZT), pre-stressed PZT composite, and single-crystal PMN-30PT.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a maximum power density of 8.64 μW/cm³ with PMN-30PT at a temperature change rate of 8.5°C/s.
  • The pre-stressed PZT composite yielded a power density of 6.31 μW/cm³, a 40% improvement over standard PZT.
  • Observed that lower cyclic frequencies, combined with rapid temperature changes, yield higher power densities.

Conclusions:

  • The cyclic heating scheme offers a promising approach for continuous and enhanced energy harvesting from pyroelectric materials.
  • Single-crystal PMN-30PT and pre-stressed PZT composites show superior performance compared to standard PZT in this harvesting method.
  • Optimizing the rate of temperature change is crucial for maximizing power density in pyroelectric energy harvesting systems.