Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 5, 2026
07:59
Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
Published on: June 14, 2019
Predicting memory performance under conditions of proactive interference: immediate and delayed judgments of learning
1Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA. cnwahlheim@gmail.com
Memory & Cognition
|January 26, 2011
Summary
Delayed judgments of learning (JOLs) improve memory monitoring accuracy when facing proactive interference (PI). However, overconfidence in delayed JOLs can occur if retrieval intrusions are mistaken for correct responses.
Area of Science:
- Cognitive Psychology
- Human Memory Research
Background:
- Proactive interference (PI) significantly impacts memory recall.
- Accurate judgments of learning (JOLs) are crucial for effective self-regulated learning.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate how immediate versus delayed JOLs affect monitoring accuracy under PI.
- To analyze the role of retrieval intrusions in delayed JOLs' accuracy.
Main Methods:
- Utilized paired-associate learning tasks (A-B, A-D paradigms) to induce PI.
- Compared monitoring accuracy for immediate and delayed JOLs on interference and non-interference items.
Main Results:
- Delayed JOLs showed relatively better monitoring accuracy for interference items compared to immediate JOLs.
- Delayed JOLs led to overconfidence for interference items, but not for non-interference items.
- Retrieval intrusions preceding delayed JOLs inflated performance predictions.
Conclusions:
- Delayed JOLs can enhance memory monitoring accuracy in proactive interference scenarios.
- Mistaking retrieval intrusions for target responses can undermine the benefits of delayed JOLs, leading to overconfidence.
Related Concept Videos
01:16Interference and Decay
Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
01:24Implicit Memories
Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...
One key aspect of implicit...
01:26Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory
Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
01:21Forgetting
Forgetting is an intrinsic aspect of human memory, characterized by the gradual loss or inaccessibility of information over time. Hermann Ebbinghaus, a pioneering psychologist, extensively studied this phenomenon and formulated the forgetting curve. This curve illustrates that memory loss occurs rapidly immediately after learning and then decelerates over time. Several mechanisms contribute to forgetting, including encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, and interference.
Encoding...
Encoding...
01:12Hindsight Biases
Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
01:18Long-Term Memory
Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...