Extended nanospace chemical systems on a chip for new analytical technology

Integration of chemical processes on a microchemical chip has gained much attention in the past decade, and the basic concepts of micro-integration and the supporting technologies have been intensively developed. As a result, many analytical and chemical synthesis applications were demonstrated. The superior performances were verified including shortening analysis time, decrease of sample and reagent volume, and easy chemical operations. Now, the micro-technologies are moving toward practical applications by establishing the systems in which the microchemical chip works as chemical central processing unit. Recently, as a new research field, integration is further proceeding to the 10(1)-10(3) nm scale, which we call extended nanospace. The extended nanospace locates the gap between the targets of conventional nanotechnology (10(0)-10(1) nm) and micro-technology (>1 μm), and the fluidics and chemistry have not been explored well due to a lack of fundamental technologies. For these purposes, many methodologies were established in recent years. Unique liquid properties were reported, which were quite different from those in microspace. Some properties can be expected by considering the characteristics of microspace and the downscaling, and the others are unexpected or are difficult to predict. These properties enabled new chemical operations which will be quite important as the next analytical technologies. Now, chemistry and fluidics in the extended nanospace are forming a new research field. In this review, we survey the fundamental technologies for extended nanospace researches and introduce several unique liquid properties. Finally, unique chemical operations are also illustrated leading to new analytical operations.