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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
10:38

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

The late positive potential predicts subsequent interference with target processing.

Anna Weinberg1, Greg Hajcak

  • 1Stony Brook University, New York 11794-2500, USA.

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
|January 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neural engagement with emotional images, measured by the late positive potential (LPP), interferes with cognitive tasks. A larger LPP to distractors predicts slower reaction times and reduced brain responses to targets.

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

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12:12

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Published on: May 14, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychophysiology
  • Experimental Psychology

Background:

  • Emotional stimuli capture attention, potentially interfering with ongoing cognitive processes.
  • The Emotional Interrupt paradigm is used to study the impact of emotional distractors on cognitive performance.
  • Event-related potentials (ERPs), such as the P300 and Late Positive Potential (LPP), reflect neural processing of emotional and target stimuli.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between neural responses to task-irrelevant emotional images and subsequent interference with target processing.
  • To determine if the Late Positive Potential (LPP) indexes attentional engagement with emotional distractors that leads to cognitive interference.
  • To examine both within-subject and between-subject associations between LPP, P300, and reaction times (RTs).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Emotional Interrupt paradigm with emotional and neutral distractor images.
  • Employed principal component analysis (PCA) to derive ERP factors: early posterior negativity, P300, and LPP.
  • Analyzed ERPs and reaction times (RTs) in relation to distractor image type and target processing, using within- and between-subject analyses.

Main Results:

  • Emotional distractors, compared to neutral ones, enhanced early posterior negativity, P300, and LPP.
  • Target-elicited P300 was smaller, and RTs were slower following emotional distractors.
  • Within-subject analyses showed slow trials had smaller P300 and were preceded by larger LPPs.
  • Between-subject analyses revealed larger LPPs correlated with slower RTs and reduced target P300s.
  • These effects were specific to the LPP, not early posterior negativity or P300 to distractors.

Conclusions:

  • The Late Positive Potential (LPP) reflects attentional engagement with emotional visual stimuli.
  • Enhanced LPP to emotional distractors is directly associated with subsequent interference in target processing.
  • This interference manifests as both behavioral slowing (RTs) and reduced neural processing (P300) of targets.
  • Findings support the role of LPP in mediating cognitive interference from emotionally salient distractors.