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Related Concept Videos

Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
Endocrine Signaling01:45

Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.
Autocrine Signaling01:01

Autocrine Signaling

Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In this type of signaling mechanism, the same cell that secretes an extracellular signaling molecule also expresses the receptors to bind and respond to that signaling molecule.
Autocrine Signaling in Macrophages
Under normal physiological conditions, autocrine signaling is essential for maintaining homeostasis. This process is well characterized in...
Autocrine Signaling01:01

Autocrine Signaling

Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In this type of signaling mechanism, the same cell that secretes an extracellular signaling molecule also expresses the receptors to bind and respond to that signaling molecule.
Autocrine Signaling in Macrophages
Under normal physiological conditions, autocrine signaling is essential for maintaining homeostasis. This process is well characterized in...
Cell-surface Signaling01:21

Cell-surface Signaling

Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Expression of Transgenes in Native Bladder Urothelium Using Adenovirus-Mediated Transduction
06:01

Expression of Transgenes in Native Bladder Urothelium Using Adenovirus-Mediated Transduction

Published on: October 6, 2022

Urothelial signaling.

Lori A Birder1

  • 1Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. lbirder@pitt.edu

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|February 4, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The bladder

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Expression of Transgenes in Native Bladder Urothelium Using Adenovirus-Mediated Transduction
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Expression of Transgenes in Native Bladder Urothelium Using Adenovirus-Mediated Transduction

Published on: October 6, 2022

Ex Vivo Analysis of Mechanically Activated Ca2+ Transients in Urothelial Cells
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Ex Vivo Analysis of Mechanically Activated Ca2+ Transients in Urothelial Cells

Published on: September 28, 2022

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In Vivo Luminal Measurement of Distension-Evoked Urothelial ATP Release in Rodents

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Cell Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The urinary bladder lining, or urothelium, is more than a barrier.
  • It plays a role in sensing physiological and pain stimuli.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the specialized anatomy of bladder urothelium.
  • To explore urothelial cell communication with other bladder tissues.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature.
  • Analysis of studies on urothelial cell properties.

Main Results:

  • Urothelium possesses "sensor" properties, expressing receptors for stimuli.
  • Urothelium has "transducer" capabilities, releasing signaling chemicals.
  • Urothelial cells detect and respond to chemical, mechanical, and thermal changes.

Conclusions:

  • Bladder urothelium actively senses its environment.
  • Urothelial cells communicate environmental status to nervous and muscular systems.