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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark
10:09

Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark

Published on: January 26, 2018

Gene expression differences among primates are associated with changes in a histone epigenetic modification.

Carolyn E Cain1, Ran Blekhman, John C Marioni

  • 1Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. ccain@uchicago.edu

Genetics
|February 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic histone modifications like H3K4me3 show conservation across primate species. Changes in H3K4me3 status may explain a small but significant portion of gene expression differences, contributing to primate evolution.

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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) using Drosophila tissue
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) using Drosophila tissue

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Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark
10:09

Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark

Published on: January 26, 2018

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) using Drosophila tissue
13:47

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) using Drosophila tissue

Published on: March 23, 2012

Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
11:02

Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis

Published on: May 17, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Gene regulation is crucial for speciation and adaptation in primates.
  • Mechanisms of regulatory evolution, particularly epigenetic contributions, remain understudied.
  • The role of histone modifications, such as H3K4me3, in primate gene expression divergence is largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the contribution of H3K4me3 epigenetic modifications to gene expression differences between primate species.
  • To assess the conservation and species-specific changes of H3K4me3 localization in humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques.
  • To quantify the potential impact of H3K4me3 changes on gene expression divergence.

Main Methods:

  • Collected gene expression data from lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) of humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques (three cell lines per species).
  • Identified H3K4me3-enriched genomic regions using ChIP-seq.
  • Analyzed H3K4me3 localization relative to transcription start sites (TSS) and gene expression levels.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated strong conservation of H3K4me3 localization across primate species.
  • Confirmed H3K4me3 enrichment near TSS, correlating with higher gene expression.
  • Observed an enrichment of interspecies H3K4me3 differences at TSS of differentially expressed genes.
  • Estimated that up to 7% of gene expression differences between species may be attributable to H3K4me3 changes.

Conclusions:

  • H3K4me3 localization is largely conserved in primate LCLs.
  • Epigenetic modifications, specifically H3K4me3, play a modest but significant role in driving gene expression differences between primate species.
  • These epigenetic changes contribute to the regulatory evolution underlying primate speciation and adaptation.