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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Retrieval01:12

Retrieval

Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. This ability is essential for daily tasks like brushing hair and teeth, driving to work, and performing job duties. Retrieval occurs in three ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
Recall involves accessing information without cues, such as during an essay test, where individuals must retrieve facts and concepts from memory unaided. Another example is remembering the name of a colleague...
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
Storage01:23

Storage

A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze each...
Gestalt Principles of Perception01:21

Gestalt Principles of Perception

Gestalt principles provide a framework for understanding how humans perceive objects as unified wholes within their context. These principles are essential in explaining the cognitive processes that make sense of complex visual stimuli by organizing them into coherent groups. One fundamental principle is proximity, which posits that objects located close to each other are perceived as a collective group. For instance, when dots are positioned near one another, the visual system interprets them...

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Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
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Does scene context always facilitate retrieval of visual object representations?

Ryoichi Nakashima1, Kazuhiko Yokosawa

  • 1Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities and Society, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. rnaka@L.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|February 18, 2011
PubMed
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Scene context aids visual object memory retrieval, but only during intentional memory tasks. This object-to-scene binding effect is dependent on task demands, not automatic.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Visual Perception
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • The object-to-scene binding hypothesis suggests scene context aids object memory retrieval.
  • Previous support for this hypothesis primarily used intentional memory tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if scene context *always* facilitates visual object representation retrieval.
  • To examine the conditions under which object-to-scene binding occurs.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments utilized a novel paradigm combining a repeated-flicker change detection task with an appended memory task.
  • Evaluated object representation retrieval under varying task demands.

Main Results:

  • Scene context facilitation of object retrieval (object-to-scene binding) was observed only during intentional memory tasks.
  • This effect was contingent on the requirement to retain significant information.

Conclusions:

  • Object-to-scene binding is not a universal phenomenon.
  • The facilitation of object retrieval by scene context depends on the observer's task engagement and memory retention goals.