Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Naming Enantiomers02:21

Naming Enantiomers

The naming of enantiomers employs the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog rules that involve assigning priorities to different substituent groups at a chiral center. Each enantiomer, being a distinct molecule, is assigned a unique name by the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (CIP) rules, also called the R–S system. The prefix R- or S- attached to the chiral centers in an enantiomer is dependent on the spatial arrangement of the four substituents on the chiral center. The R–S system essentially comprises three steps:...
Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds02:33

Stereoisomerism of Cyclic Compounds

In this lesson, we delve into the role of ring conformation and its stability, which determines the spatial arrangement and, consequently, the molecular symmetry and stereoisomerism of cyclic compounds. 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane is used as a case study to evaluate the possible number of stereoisomers. Here, given the multiple (n = 2) chiral centers, there are 2n = 4 possible configurations that lack a plane of symmetry, as the ring skeleton exists in a non-planar chair conformation. In addition,...
Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur02:30

Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur

Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
A consequence of chirality is the need for enantiomeric resolution. While this is theoretically possible for all...
Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: cis-trans Isomerism02:37

Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: cis-trans Isomerism

Depending upon the different spatial orientation of the substituents, the disubstituted cycloalkanes exhibit two types of stereoisomers. The cis isomers have the substituents on the same side of the ring, whereas the trans isomers have the substituents on the opposite sides. These stereoisomers exhibit different physical properties and cannot be interconverted without breaking the carbon-carbon bonds.
In cyclohexane, the substituents can occupy different positions generating distinct isomers.
Prochirality02:05

Prochirality

The concept of prochirality leads to the nomenclature of the individual faces of a molecule and plays a crucial role in the enantioselective reaction. It is a concept where two or more achiral molecules react to produce chiral products. A typical process is the reaction of an achiral ketone to generate a chiral alcohol. Here, the achiral reactant reacts with an achiral reducing agent, sodium borohydride, to generate an equimolar mixture of the chiral enantiomers of the product. For example, an...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Locally advanced cervical cancer and para-aortic lymphadenectomy: impact of the number of removed lymph nodes, a FRANCOGYN group study.

European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology·2025
Same author

Management of women with abnormal cervical cytology: Update of French guidelines after the implementation of HPV screening.

European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology·2025
Same author

Impact of age on surgical excision margins for vulvar squamous cell carcinomas: A multicenter study by the francogyn group.

Surgical oncology·2024
Same author

Impact of age on tumor size in vulvar cancer: A multicenter study by the Francogyn group.

European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology·2024
Same author

[Revision of the French colposcopic terminology].

Gynecologie, obstetrique, fertilite & senologie·2023
Same author

Postpartum maternal anxiety and depression during COVID-19 pandemic: Rates, risk factors and relations with maternal bonding.

Neuropsychiatrie de l'enfance et de l'adolescence·2022
Same journal

[How I do… to see the sliding sign by transvaginal ultrasonography?]

Gynecologie, obstetrique & fertilite·2016
Same journal

[Cell-free fetal DNA screening tests for trisomy 21].

Gynecologie, obstetrique & fertilite·2016
Same journal

[Lucy's cancer(s): A prehistorical origin?]

Gynecologie, obstetrique & fertilite·2016
Same journal

[Male age in assisted reproductive technologies: Is there a limit?]

Gynecologie, obstetrique & fertilite·2016
Same journal

[Iodinated contrast in pregnant women and neonatal thyroid function].

Gynecologie, obstetrique & fertilite·2016
Same journal

[Breast cancer and diabetes mellitus: Complex interactions].

Gynecologie, obstetrique & fertilite·2016
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Development of automated imaging and analysis for zebrafish chemical screens.
10:49

Development of automated imaging and analysis for zebrafish chemical screens.

Published on: June 24, 2010

[Should CIN 2 and 3 be treated the same way?].

X Carcopino1, C Muszynski, J-L Mergui

  • 1Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, hôpital Nord, chemin des Bourrelly, 13015 Marseille, France. xcarco@free.fr

Gynecologie, Obstetrique & Fertilite
|February 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia type 2 (CIN 2) management can be optimized. Conservative approaches like watchful waiting or ablative techniques may be safe for select young women, reducing obstetrical risks.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Development of automated imaging and analysis for zebrafish chemical screens.
10:49

Development of automated imaging and analysis for zebrafish chemical screens.

Published on: June 24, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Context:

  • Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia type 2 (CIN 2) diagnosis often leads to excisional procedures with associated obstetrical and neonatal risks.
  • Spontaneous regression of CIN 2 occurs in 40% of cases within two years, highlighting the need for refined management strategies.
  • Advances in understanding CIN 2 natural history and conservative therapy morbidity necessitate optimizing treatment indications.

Purpose:

  • To re-evaluate therapeutic indications for CIN 2, considering conservative and ablative techniques.
  • To develop a reliable risk assessment for microinvasion misdiagnosis in CIN 2 management.
  • To guide decision-making for CIN 2 treatment, balancing efficacy with patient morbidity.

Summary:

  • A risk assessment model is proposed to identify CIN 2 cases suitable for conservative management (therapeutic abstention or ablative techniques).
  • Factors such as patient age (<30), lesion characteristics (single quadrant, type one transformation zone, no severity signs), and concordant diagnostic results are key.
  • In specific low-risk cases, watchful waiting or ablative methods may be safely employed, avoiding excisional morbidity.

Impact:

  • Optimized management of CIN 2, potentially reducing unnecessary invasive procedures and associated complications.
  • Improved patient outcomes by tailoring treatment to individual risk profiles, particularly for younger women.
  • Enhanced clinical decision-making tools for gynecologists managing CIN 2, promoting conservative care where appropriate.