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Related Concept Videos

Buoyancy and Stability for Submerged and Floating Bodies01:11

Buoyancy and Stability for Submerged and Floating Bodies

In fluid mechanics, buoyancy and stability are key concepts for understanding the behavior of submerged and floating bodies. When a stationary body is fully or partially submerged in a fluid, the fluid exerts a force on the body known as the buoyant force. This force acts vertically upward through a point called the center of buoyancy, which is the center of the displaced fluid volume. According to Archimedes' principle, the magnitude of the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid...
Buoyancy01:12

Buoyancy

When an object is placed in a fluid, it either floats or sinks. All objects in a fluid experience a buoyant force. For example, a metal ball sinks, while a rubber ball floats. Similarly, a submarine can sink and float by adjusting its buoyancy.  The concept of buoyancy raises several interesting questions. For instance, where does this buoyant force come from? How much buoyant force is required to make an object sink or float? Do objects that sink get any support at all from the fluid? 
To get...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Long-term Behavioral Tracking of Freely Swimming Weakly Electric Fish
10:56

Long-term Behavioral Tracking of Freely Swimming Weakly Electric Fish

Published on: March 6, 2014

Swimming with an image.

R Di Leonardo1, D Dell'Arciprete, L Angelani

  • 1IPCF-CNR, UOS Roma, Piazzale A Moro 2, I-00185 Roma, Italy.

Physical Review Letters
|March 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Swimming bacteria near a liquid-air interface reverse their rotation direction compared to solid surfaces. This phenomenon is explained by hydrodynamic interactions, with longer bacteria swimming in larger circles.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Long-term Behavioral Tracking of Freely Swimming Weakly Electric Fish
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Published on: March 6, 2014

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology and Biophysics
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Swimming microorganisms like E. coli exhibit complex behaviors near surfaces.
  • Hydrodynamic interactions dictate bacterial motion, influencing trajectory and rotation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the rotational behavior of swimming bacteria near a liquid-air interface.
  • To quantitatively explain the observed reversal in rotational direction.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of hydrodynamic interactions with a perfect-slip boundary.
  • Experimental observation of bacterial trajectories and orientations using video microscopy.

Main Results:

  • Bacteria swimming near a liquid-air interface exhibit counter-clockwise rotation.
  • A theoretical model accurately predicts this reversed rotation based on image analysis.
  • Cell length correlates with the radius of circular swimming, with longer cells forming larger circles.

Conclusions:

  • The reversed rotational sense near a liquid-air interface is due to hydrodynamic interactions with the bacterium's mirror image.
  • Bacterial cell length is a key factor influencing the scale of circular swimming near interfaces.