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Related Concept Videos

TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
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Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Detection of Signaling Effector-Complexes Downstream of BMP4 Using in situ PLA, a Proximity Ligation Assay
12:52

Detection of Signaling Effector-Complexes Downstream of BMP4 Using in situ PLA, a Proximity Ligation Assay

Published on: March 3, 2011

Pentagone: patrolling BMP morphogen signaling.

Robin Vuilleumier1, Markus Affolter, George Pyrowolakis

  • 1Institute for Biology I, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

Fly
|March 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel protein, Pentagone (Pent), regulates bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, forming a feedback loop crucial for establishing and maintaining morphogen gradients in animal development.

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Detection of Signaling Effector-Complexes Downstream of BMP4 Using in situ PLA, a Proximity Ligation Assay
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Molecular signaling
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Morphogen gradients are fundamental to animal development, guiding tissue patterning and growth.
  • Mechanisms establishing and maintaining these gradients remain incompletely understood.
  • Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is critical in development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of morphogen gradient formation.
  • To identify novel regulators of BMP signaling in development.
  • To elucidate the role of Pentagone (Pent) in morphogen gradient dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of BMP signaling pathways during wing development.
  • Identification and characterization of novel regulatory proteins.
  • Investigating feedback loops in morphogen gradient establishment.

Main Results:

  • A novel protein, Pentagone (Pent), was identified as a key regulator of BMP morphogen activity.
  • Pent functions within a feedback loop critical for morphogen gradient formation.
  • Pent's properties and regulatory role were elucidated in wing development models.

Conclusions:

  • Pentagone (Pent) plays a critical role in regulating morphogen gradients.
  • Feedback mechanisms involving Pent are essential for accurate developmental patterning.
  • Understanding Pent's function provides insights into fundamental developmental processes.