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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Systematic Bronchoscopy: the Four Landmarks Approach
Published on: June 23, 2023
[Recommendations for training courses in bronchoscopy]
M Wagner1, F J F Herth, F Stanzel
1Klinikum Nürnberg, Medizinische Klinik 3 - Pneumologie, Allergologie, Schlafmedizin, Nürnberg. manfred.wagner@klinikumnuernberg.de
Abstract:
Bronchoscopic training courses are an essential part of the education in bronchoscopy for all kinds of specialisations and professions performing such investigations. All aspects of the application should be mentioned during a course. These recommendations are necessary because the number of bronchoscopies performed in the last years has increased due to the increasing number of patients, improved equipment and better availability. Courses should provide the basic knowledge including main points of indications, preconditions for the procedure and decisions of consequence after bronchoscopy. Participants should be trained in the skills of correct handling and performing flexible bronchoscopies in training dummies. Necessary competence requirements on the course instructor are adequate professional qualifications, paedagogic skills and the availability of appropriate teaching material. Quality assurance of the course should be achieved by consequent evaluation. A widely spread field of bronchoscopic applications can improve patient care in many medical specialisations.
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