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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the progression...
Hepatic Drug Excretion: Enterohepatic Cycling01:17

Hepatic Drug Excretion: Enterohepatic Cycling

Enterohepatic cycling involves the active secretion of drugs and their metabolites into the bile via transporters in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. This secretion is an integral part of the digestive process, releasing these substances into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Post-release drugs and metabolites can be reabsorbed into the body from the intestine. For conjugated metabolites like glucuronides, reabsorption requires enzymatic hydrolysis by intestinal microflora. This...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Active Drug, Metabolite and Fraction of Metabolized Drug01:14

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Active Drug, Metabolite and Fraction of Metabolized Drug

In pharmacotherapy, monitoring drug concentrations is paramount, especially for drugs whose therapeutic effects hinge on both the active compound and its metabolite. Hepatic impairment profoundly influences drug potency by altering liver function. If the drug is more potent than its metabolite, impaired liver function amplifies drug activity due to elevated drug concentration levels. Conversely, if the metabolite holds greater potency, diminished liver function diminishes drug activity by...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target
11:34

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target

Published on: May 10, 2022

Hepatitis B therapy.

Hellan Kwon1, Anna S Lok

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan Health System, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
|March 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis B treatment aims to prevent severe liver disease by monitoring viral DNA, antigen levels, and liver health. Treatment strategies focus on preventing drug resistance and managing treatment failure effectively.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Hepatitis B treatment goals include preventing cirrhosis, liver decompensation, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Treatment response is assessed by viral DNA suppression, seroconversion, antigen loss, normalized liver enzymes, and improved histology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline current treatment strategies for chronic hepatitis B.
  • To emphasize monitoring, medication adherence, and management of treatment failure.

Main Methods:

  • Review of approved medications: interferon and nucleos(t)ide analogues.
  • Discussion of treatment initiation criteria for patients with significant liver disease or high viral replication.
  • Emphasis on selecting drugs with a high genetic barrier to resistance.

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Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target
11:34

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Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle
09:35

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Published on: February 1, 2017

Main Results:

  • Seven medications are approved: two interferons and five nucleos(t)ide analogues.
  • Nucleos(t)ide analogues require long-term administration, with antiviral drug resistance being a key challenge.
  • Close monitoring for virologic breakthroughs and adherence is crucial.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment decisions should be individualized based on disease severity and viral load.
  • Initiating treatment with drugs having a high genetic barrier to resistance is recommended.
  • Tailored management of treatment failure is essential for optimal patient outcomes.