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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by sustained extreme cold exposure, and severe...
Factors Affecting Body Temperature01:28

Factors Affecting Body Temperature

As a nurse, it is vital to understand the factors affecting body temperature to monitor variations and effectively evaluate deviations from regular.
Factors may  include:
Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management
06:43

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management

Published on: November 21, 2017

Effective temperature under radiant infant warmer: does the device make a difference?

Daniele Trevisanuto1, Ivano Coretti, Nicoletta Doglioni

  • 1Pediatric Department Medical School, University of Padua, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, Padua, Italy. trevo@pediatria.unipd.it

Resuscitation
|March 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Radiant infant warmers (RIWs) show significant temperature variations, risking neonatal hypothermia or hyperthermia. Specific machine-controlled modes are recommended for safer infant temperature regulation during resuscitation.

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal care
  • Thermoregulation
  • Medical device engineering

Background:

  • Newborn infants, especially those requiring resuscitation, need precise temperature management under radiant infant warmers (RIWs).
  • Current RIW usage lacks specified temperature exposure or power settings, posing potential risks.
  • Delivery room temperature's impact on RIW performance is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the temperature exposure generated by three different RIWs at pre-selected power outputs.
  • To assess the influence of delivery room temperature on RIW performance.
  • To identify risks of unintended hypothermia or hyperthermia in neonates due to RIW variability.

Main Methods:

  • Three radiant infant warmers were tested at environmental temperatures of 22, 24, and 26 °C.
  • Devices were set to manual control at three power levels (0-33%, 0-100%, 33-100%) for 20 minutes.
  • Irradiation temperatures were measured at 1, 10, and 20 minutes after activation.

Main Results:

  • Temperatures under RIWs varied widely, from 21.5 °C to 44.7 °C.
  • One device consistently failed to reach the target temperature of 37 °C.
  • Significant differences in thermal exposure were observed among devices, power settings, and measurement times.
  • Delivery room temperature did not significantly affect the temperature under the RIWs.

Conclusions:

  • Commercial radiant infant warmers exhibit significant variability in output temperature at pre-selected power settings.
  • This variability places neonates at risk of both hypothermia and hyperthermia.
  • Development of machine-dependent algorithms or servo-control modes is crucial for accurate neonatal temperature management at birth.