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Related Concept Videos

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids01:25

Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are anti-inflammatory drugs used primarily in treating persistent asthma and providing long-term maintenance. They target the bronchial mucosa, the lining of the airways, to control inflammation, a critical factor in asthma progression and exacerbation.
ICS work through a multifaceted mechanism of action. They suppress the inflammatory response caused by the proliferation of TH cells. They also reduce the transcription of the IL-2 gene, which is involved in the...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids, a class of anti-inflammatory drugs, are pivotal in treating moderate to severe Crohn's disease by inducing remission. They exhibit their anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and chemokines like IL-8. In addition, they reduce the expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules and inhibit gene transcription of nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Use of Rabbit Eyes in Pharmacokinetic Studies of Intraocular Drugs
10:02

Use of Rabbit Eyes in Pharmacokinetic Studies of Intraocular Drugs

Published on: July 23, 2016

Dexamethasone for ocular inflammation.

Nehali V Saraiya1, Debra A Goldstein

  • 1University of Illinois, Department of Ophthalmology, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
|April 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Local steroid implants effectively treat noninfectious uveitis, reducing inflammation and improving vision with fewer side effects like ocular hypertension compared to other treatments. Longer-term studies are needed for sustained efficacy and safety.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Use of Rabbit Eyes in Pharmacokinetic Studies of Intraocular Drugs
10:02

Use of Rabbit Eyes in Pharmacokinetic Studies of Intraocular Drugs

Published on: July 23, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Corticosteroids are standard treatments for noninfectious intermediate and posterior uveitis, aiming to reduce inflammation and prevent vision loss.
  • While effective, systemic and local steroid therapies have associated side effects, including cataract and glaucoma with local administration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the efficacy and safety of sustained-release intravitreal corticosteroid implants for noninfectious uveitis.
  • To compare the risk of ocular hypertension associated with these implants versus other intraocular steroid therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of FDA-approved sustained-release corticosteroid implants: fluocinolone acetonide (Retisert) and dexamethasone (Ozurdex).
  • Analysis of 26-week and 6-month clinical data for efficacy (intraocular inflammation, visual acuity) and safety (ocular hypertension).

Main Results:

  • Sustained-release implants demonstrate significant improvements in intraocular inflammation and visual acuity lasting up to 6 months.
  • The implants show a lower risk of developing ocular hypertension compared to other intraocular steroid treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Intravitreal corticosteroid implants are well-tolerated and effective for noninfectious intermediate and posterior uveitis.
  • The dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex) offers a safe and effective option for outpatient treatment.
  • Further long-term trials are necessary to fully assess the safety and efficacy of repeated implant injections.