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Published on: September 27, 2020

Components and developmental differences of executive functioning for school-aged children.

Kitty K Wu1, Sumee K Chan, Patrick W L Leung

  • 1Clinical Psychology Service, Kwai Chung Hospital, Hong Kong. wukyk@ha.org.hk

Developmental Neuropsychology
|April 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Executive functioning (EF) develops in stages in children aged 7-14. A three-factor model including shifting, working memory, and inhibition best explains its structure.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental psychology
  • Cognitive neuroscience
  • Child psychology

Background:

  • Executive functioning (EF) is crucial for cognitive and behavioral control.
  • Understanding the developmental trajectory and factor structure of EF in children is essential for educational and clinical interventions.
  • Previous research suggests EF develops throughout childhood, but its precise structure and developmental stages require further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate developmental differences in executive functioning (EF) across school-aged children (7–14 years).
  • To identify the core components of EF and their underlying factor structure.
  • To test hierarchical models of EF development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized subtests from the Test of Everyday Attention for Children and additional EF assessments.
  • Employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze data from 185 children.
  • Compared first-order and second-order models with three proposed EF components: shifting, working memory/updating, and inhibition.

Main Results:

  • Developmental differences in EF were observed across age groups, supporting a multistage development model.
  • The three-factor first-order model, encompassing shifting, working memory/updating, and inhibition, provided the best fit to the data.
  • Alternative first-order and second-order models were less supported by the empirical findings.

Conclusions:

  • Executive functioning in school-aged children develops in distinct stages.
  • A three-component structure (shifting, working memory/updating, inhibition) effectively represents the core of EF.
  • The findings support a hierarchical view of EF development, with specific components emerging and consolidating over time.