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Related Concept Videos

Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Preterm birth.

David M Haas1

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Wishard Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, USA.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|April 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review evaluates interventions for preterm birth, focusing on prevention and improving neonatal outcomes. Evidence supports various treatments, including antenatal corticosteroids and progesterone, for managing preterm labor and delivery risks.

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Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
06:27

Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates

Published on: December 31, 2015

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates
06:27

Transcutaneous Microcirculatory Imaging in Preterm Neonates

Published on: December 31, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Neonatal Medicine
  • Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

  • Preterm birth incidence is 5-10% in developed nations, with rising rates in some countries like the USA.
  • Reliable data on preterm birth incidence in resource-poor settings is limited.
  • Rates in northwestern Ethiopia range from 11-22%, highest among teenage mothers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the effectiveness and safety of interventions for women at high risk of preterm delivery.
  • To evaluate interventions aimed at improving neonatal outcomes following preterm birth or preterm rupture of membranes.
  • To examine treatments for preterm labor, including tocolytics and delivery methods.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review of 58 studies, including systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies.
  • Searched major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to June 2010.
  • Included safety alerts from regulatory agencies (FDA, MHRA) and applied GRADE evaluation.

Main Results:

  • The review identified evidence for numerous interventions.
  • Included interventions cover a range of conditions from preterm labor to preterm birth complications.
  • GRADE evaluation was performed to assess the quality of evidence for each intervention.

Conclusions:

  • Information on the effectiveness and safety of various interventions for preterm birth is presented.
  • Key interventions include amnioinfusion, antenatal corticosteroids, antibiotics, bed rest, tocolytics (beta-mimetics, calcium channel blockers, oxytocin receptor antagonists), caesarean delivery options, enhanced antenatal care, magnesium sulfate, progesterone, cervical cerclage, and prostaglandin inhibitors.
  • The review synthesizes evidence for clinical decision-making in preterm birth management.