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Related Concept Videos

Nature and Nurture01:10

Nature and Nurture

Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience, such as differences...
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Polygenic Traits01:18

Polygenic Traits

When more than one gene is responsible for a given phenotype, the trait is considered polygenic. Human height is a polygenic trait. Studies have uncovered hundreds of loci that influence height, and there are believed to be many more. Due to the high number of genes involved, as well as environmental and nutritional factors, height varies significantly within a given population. The distribution of height forms a bell-shaped curve, with relatively few individuals in the population at the...
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Gene-Environment Interactions

Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction
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Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Published on: June 29, 2013

Are twins growth restricted?

Beverly S Muhlhausler1, Serina N Hancock, Frank H Bloomfield

  • 1FOODplus Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5064, Australia. Beverly.Muhlhausler@adelaide.edu.au

Pediatric Research
|April 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Twins born smaller than singletons may face similar long-term health risks as those with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). This review explores if twins are a natural model for IUGR, examining their growth and health outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Perinatology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is linked to adult diseases like cardiovascular disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.
  • Infants from twin pregnancies often have lower birth weights than singletons, suggesting twins as a potential model for IUGR.
  • The long-term health consequences for twins compared to IUGR singletons are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical implications of twinning.
  • To compare growth and developmental profiles of singleton and twin fetuses.
  • To determine if twin fetuses are analogous to IUGR singletons of similar birth weight and gestational age.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical implications of twinning.
  • Comparative analysis of fetal growth and developmental trajectories.
  • Synthesis of existing research on long-term health outcomes in twins and IUGR singletons.

Main Results:

  • Twin gestations significantly contribute to preterm birth and small size at birth.
  • The long-term health implications for twins mirroring IUGR singletons require further investigation.
  • Increasing incidence of twinning necessitates understanding these long-term risks.

Conclusions:

  • Twins may serve as a natural model for studying the long-term effects of restricted fetal growth.
  • Further research is crucial to clarify the health trajectories of individuals born as twins versus those with IUGR.
  • Understanding these parallels is vital given the rising rates of twin births and the known risks associated with reduced size at birth.