Hunting, social status and biological fitness

Hunting performance may be one of the most important routes to high prestige or social status among men in hunter-gatherer societies. Higher social status based on hunting performance has been linked to higher biological fitness outcomes almost everywhere this relationship has been investigated. This paper explores the proximate pathways underlying the positive correlation between hunting success and fitness, and discusses these in light of recent debates concerning the role of men in hunter-gatherer societies. Meat obtained from hunting directly provisions families and is also distributed to other group members, who may directly or indirectly pay back good hunters with meat, other food, services or favors. The display of hunting abilities may also increase men's fitness through extra-marital reproductive gains. We discuss prior results and provide a novel additional example using data collected among Tsimane horticultural-foragers of Bolivia. Despite the impression that most of the benefits that accrue to good hunters are in the form of extra-marital mating opportunities, we argue instead that most benefits may be gained within rather than outside marital unions.