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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Perception01:25

Factors Affecting Perception

Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
An illustrative example of a perceptual set is the scenario where an airline pilot told...
Motivational Bias01:25

Motivational Bias

Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
Incentive Theory: Pull Theory of Motivation01:18

Incentive Theory: Pull Theory of Motivation

Incentive theory, or the "pull theory" of motivation, suggests that external rewards primarily drive behavior. Individuals are motivated to engage in activities when they anticipate a desirable outcome. This is why people often work hard for promotions or study intensively to achieve high grades. These incentives can be tangible, physical rewards such as money or promotions, or intangible, non-physical rewards like praise and social recognition.
The theory differentiates between intrinsic and...

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Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach
10:13

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Published on: February 14, 2014

Motivational incentives modulate age differences in visual perception.

Julia Spaniol1, Andreas Voss, Holly J Bowen

  • 1Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. jspaniol@psych.ryerson.ca

Psychology and Aging
|April 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Motivational incentives may preserve perception in older adults. While neutral stimuli showed age-related decline, incentives for valent stimuli prevented deficits, suggesting preserved top-down control in aging.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Age-related perceptual deficits are common.
  • Motivational incentives can influence cognitive performance.
  • The impact of incentives on age-related perception is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if motivational incentives can modulate age-related perceptual deficits.
  • To examine the role of top-down control in aging perception.

Main Methods:

  • A perceptual discrimination task was used with younger and older adults.
  • Bicolored stimuli were presented, requiring color classification.
  • Incentives (positive/negative payoffs) were linked to valent colors; neutral colors had no payoff.
  • The diffusion model was employed to analyze perceptual efficiency and response bias.

Main Results:

  • Perception of neutral stimuli exhibited an age-related decline.
  • Perception of valent stimuli, regardless of valence (positive or negative), showed no age difference.
  • Incentives appeared to mitigate age-related deficits in perceptual tasks.

Conclusions:

  • Motivational incentives preserve perception in older adults.
  • Top-down control over perceptual resources remains intact in healthy aging.
  • Incentives may be a key factor in understanding preserved cognitive functions in aging.