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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
Fermi Level Dynamics01:12

Fermi Level Dynamics

The vacuum level denotes the energy threshold required for an electron to escape from a material surface. It is usually positioned above the conduction band of a semiconductor and acts as a benchmark for comparing electron energies within various materials.
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Phase Diagram01:19

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Diagram

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...

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Electron star birth: a continuous phase transition at nonzero density.

Sean A Hartnoll1, Pavel Petrov

  • 1Center for the Fundamental Laws of Nature, Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|April 27, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Charged black holes in anti-de Sitter spacetime exhibit a third-order phase transition with charged fermions. Below a critical temperature, fermions carry charge, and at zero temperature, black holes vanish, with fermions sourcing all charge.

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Area of Science:

  • Theoretical physics
  • Black hole thermodynamics
  • Quantum field theory in curved spacetime

Background:

  • Charged black holes in anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetime are analogous to thermodynamic systems.
  • Previous studies explored phase transitions in black hole systems, but the role of charged fermions was less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phase transition behavior of charged black holes in AdS spacetime in the presence of charged fermions.
  • To characterize the low-temperature phase and its implications for charge distribution and entropy scaling.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical and analytical solutions for charged black holes in AdS spacetime coupled to charged fermions.
  • Analysis of thermodynamic quantities, including temperature, charge, and entropy.
  • Investigation of the behavior in the low-temperature and zero-temperature limits.

Main Results:

  • A third-order phase transition occurs at a critical temperature.
  • In the low-temperature phase, a fermion fluid carries a fraction of the black hole's charge.
  • At zero temperature, the black hole dissolves, and charge is entirely sourced by fermions.

Conclusions:

  • The presence of charged fermions induces a novel phase transition in charged black holes.
  • The low-temperature behavior is consistent with emergent infrared criticality, showing entropy density scaling s~T(2/z).
  • This work provides insights into the interplay between black hole physics and quantum matter in curved spacetimes.