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Related Concept Videos

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase of...
Dysrhythmias VI: Management of Dysrhythmias01:25

Dysrhythmias VI: Management of Dysrhythmias

Dysrhythmia management involves a multifaceted approach, incorporating pharmacological treatments, medical procedures, surgical interventions, lifestyle modifications, and patient education.Pharmacological ManagementAntiarrhythmic Drugs:Class I (Sodium Channel Blockers): This class includes quinidine and procainamide, which reduce the speed of impulse conduction in the heart, stabilize the cardiac membrane, and control arrhythmias. Quinidine and procainamide are Class IA agents that prolong the...
Cardiac Action Potential01:30

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials
Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
Dysrhythmias I: Introduction01:15

Dysrhythmias I: Introduction

Dysrhythmias refers to abnormalities in the heart's rhythm. They result from disruptions in the heart's electrical conduction system, which includes the sinoatrial(SA)node, atrioventricular(AV) node, the bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.Definition and PathophysiologyDysrhythmias result from disorders of impulse formation, impulse conduction, or both. The heart contains specialized cells in the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and the bundle of His and Purkinje fibers...
Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing
12:45

Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing

Published on: December 11, 2017

Cardiac resynchronization therapy: refocus on the electrical substrate.

Marc Strik1, Sylvain Ploux, Kevin Vernooy

  • 1Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Circulation Journal : Official Journal of the Japanese Circulation Society
|May 3, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) improves heart failure outcomes. This review highlights the electrical substrate

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in an Asynchronous Heart Failure Model Induced by Left Bundle Branch Ablation and Rapid Pacing
12:45

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Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System
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Advanced Cardiac Rhythm Management by Applying Optogenetic Multi-Site Photostimulation in Murine Hearts

Published on: August 26, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a treatment for heart failure patients with conduction disease.
  • A significant percentage of CRT recipients do not improve, prompting a re-evaluation of treatment criteria.
  • Current mechanical dyssynchrony assessments are insufficient for predicting CRT success.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of the electrical substrate in CRT.
  • To assess the electrical substrate's importance and sufficiency for successful CRT.
  • To discuss novel methods for measuring and treating the electrical substrate.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current knowledge on electrical substrate in CRT.
  • Analysis of the electrical substrate's application in current CRT practice.
  • Exploration of emerging techniques for electrical substrate assessment and modulation.

Main Results:

  • The electrical substrate is crucial for successful CRT outcomes.
  • Electrical substrate assessment offers a more accurate and reproducible method compared to mechanical assessments.
  • Novel approaches to measuring and targeting the electrical substrate are under development.

Conclusions:

  • The electrical substrate is essential and sufficient for successful CRT.
  • Focusing on the electrical substrate may improve patient selection and CRT efficacy.
  • Further research into novel electrical substrate-based therapies is warranted.