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Related Concept Videos

Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These domains are...
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Single-Molecule Imaging of EWS-FLI1 Condensates Assembling on DNA
07:05

Single-Molecule Imaging of EWS-FLI1 Condensates Assembling on DNA

Published on: September 8, 2021

Structural insights into transcription complexes.

Imre Berger1, Alexandre G Blanco, Rolf Boelens

  • 1EMBL-Grenoble, BP 181, 6 Rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.

Journal of Structural Biology
|May 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Structural biology advances, including X-ray crystallography, NMR, and cryo-EM, reveal the molecular basis of gene expression. This review highlights structural proteomics

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Chromatin Interaction Analysis with Paired-End Tag Sequencing (ChIA-PET) for Mapping Chromatin Interactions and Understanding Transcription Regulation
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Published on: April 30, 2012

High-throughput Purification of Affinity-tagged Recombinant Proteins
07:44

High-throughput Purification of Affinity-tagged Recombinant Proteins

Published on: August 26, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Single-Molecule Imaging of EWS-FLI1 Condensates Assembling on DNA
07:05

Single-Molecule Imaging of EWS-FLI1 Condensates Assembling on DNA

Published on: September 8, 2021

Chromatin Interaction Analysis with Paired-End Tag Sequencing (ChIA-PET) for Mapping Chromatin Interactions and Understanding Transcription Regulation
21:55

Chromatin Interaction Analysis with Paired-End Tag Sequencing (ChIA-PET) for Mapping Chromatin Interactions and Understanding Transcription Regulation

Published on: April 30, 2012

High-throughput Purification of Affinity-tagged Recombinant Proteins
07:44

High-throughput Purification of Affinity-tagged Recombinant Proteins

Published on: August 26, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Structural biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Gene expression control is vital for cell regulation in response to stimuli.
  • Structural biology provides crucial insights into molecular mechanisms of gene regulation.
  • The European SPINE2-COMPLEXES initiative has significantly contributed to understanding transcription complexes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To illustrate the impact of structural proteomics on understanding gene expression.
  • To highlight the role of various structural biology techniques in studying transcription machinery.
  • To discuss molecular aspects of promoter recognition and epigenetic regulation.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography
  • Solution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
  • Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM)

Main Results:

  • Detailed structures of eukaryotic basal and activated transcription machinery, including TFIID and TFIIH complexes.
  • Structural insights into transcription regulators like nuclear hormone receptors.
  • Elucidation of molecular mechanisms in promoter recognition and epigenetic control.

Conclusions:

  • Structural proteomics is essential for deciphering the molecular basis of gene expression.
  • A combination of structural biology techniques provides a comprehensive understanding of transcription.
  • Understanding these complexes is key to unraveling gene regulation intricacies.