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Related Concept Videos

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism01:18

Benzene to 1,4-Cyclohexadiene: Birch Reduction Mechanism

Birch reduction uses solvated electrons as reducing agents. The reaction converts benzene to 1,4-cyclohexadiene. The reaction proceeds by the transfer of a single electron to the ring to form a benzene radical anion. This anion is highly basic—it abstracts a proton from the alcohol to form a cyclohexadienyl radical. Another single electron transfer gives the cyclohexadienyl anion. A proton transfer from the alcohol forms 1,4-cyclohexadiene. Since this reduction occurs via radical anion...
Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions01:20

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
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Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Published on: June 21, 2017

(E)-N'-(4-Methoxy-benzyl-idene)benzohydrazide.

Jian-Xia Gou, Ming-Zhi Song, Chuan-Gang Fan

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study analyzes a molecule with the formula C(15)H(14)N(2)O(2), detailing its benzene ring dihedral angle and crystal structure. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds form chains in the crystal lattice.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Molecular structure analysis
    • Organic chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions is crucial in crystal engineering.
    • The specific compound C(15)H(14)N(2)O(2) presents an interesting case for structural investigation.
    • Previous studies may not have fully elucidated the crystal packing of this molecule.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the precise dihedral angle between the benzene rings in the C(15)H(14)N(2)O(2) molecule.
    • To investigate the intermolecular interactions and crystal packing of the title compound.
    • To characterize the hydrogen bonding network within the crystal structure.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to obtain detailed structural information.

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    Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
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    Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
    11:01

    Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

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  • Crystallographic data was analyzed to determine bond lengths, angles, and torsion angles.
  • Intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonding, were identified and analyzed.

    • Main Results:

    • The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings in the molecule was found to be 5.93(17)°.
    • The crystal structure is characterized by the formation of inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
    • These hydrogen bonds link the molecules into one-dimensional chains propagating along the [010] direction.

    Conclusions:

    • The determined dihedral angle provides insight into the conformational preferences of the molecule.
    • The identified hydrogen bonding network dictates the supramolecular architecture in the solid state.
    • This structural characterization contributes to the understanding of organic crystal structures and intermolecular forces.