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Related Concept Videos

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
Preparation of Epoxides03:00

Preparation of Epoxides

Overview
Epoxides result from alkene oxidation, which can be achieved by a) air, b) peroxy acids, c) hypochlorous acids, and d) halohydrin cyclization.
Epoxidation with Peroxy Acids
Epoxidation of alkenes via oxidation with peroxy acids involves the conversion of a carbon–carbon double bond to an epoxide using the oxidizing agent meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, commonly known as MCPBA. Since the O–O bond of peroxy acids is very weak, the addition of electrophilic oxygen of peroxy acids to...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
E2 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism02:45

E2 Reaction: Kinetics and Mechanism

SN2 substitutions and E2 eliminations of alkyl halides proceed via a concerted pathway. While the nucleophile attacks the alpha carbon in SN2 reactions, it functions as a strong base and abstracts a beta hydrogen in the E2 mechanism. The rate-limiting transition state in E2 elimination reactions is characterized by partially broken carbon–hydrogen and carbon–halogen bonds and a partially formed pi bond between the alpha and beta carbons. The beta hydrogen and halide are eliminated...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
06:46

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Published on: June 21, 2017

(E)-2-Meth-oxy-N'-(4-nitro-benzyl-idene)benzohydrazide.

Hong-Yan Ban, Cong-Ming Li

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the molecular structure of C(15)H(13)N(3)O(4), revealing a trans configuration. Molecular analysis identified specific dihedral and torsion angles, along with intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonding in its crystal form.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Molecular Chemistry
    • Organic Chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions is crucial in chemistry.
    • Crystal structure analysis provides detailed insights into molecular arrangement and bonding.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the three-dimensional structure of the compound C(15)H(13)N(3)O(4).
    • To investigate the intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonding networks within the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and torsion angles provided conformational data.

    Main Results:

    • The compound C(15)H(13)N(3)O(4) adopts a trans configuration around the methylidene unit.

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  • A dihedral angle of 6.8° between the two benzene rings and a C-N-NH-C torsion angle of 3.4° were observed.
  • An intramolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond and intermolecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds forming dimers were identified.

    • Conclusions:

    • The study provides a precise structural characterization of C(15)H(13)N(3)O(4).
    • The identified hydrogen bonding patterns are key to the observed crystal packing and molecular assembly.