Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...
Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions01:20

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation01:11

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation

Benzylic halogenation takes place under conditions that favor radical reactions such as heat, light, or a free radical initiator like peroxide.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN101:14

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN1

Treating arylamines with nitrous acid gives aryldiazonium salts that are effective substrates in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. The diazonio group in these salts can be easily displaced by different nucleophiles, yielding a wide variety of substituted benzenes. The leaving group departs as nitrogen gas, and this easy elimination is the driving force for the substitution reaction.
In the Sandmeyer reaction, for example, the diazonio group is replaced by a chloro, bromo, or cyano...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Study on the safety and effectiveness of low-dose vs. regular-dose fondaparinux in preventing venous thromboembolism prophylaxis following total knee arthroplasty.

Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine·2023
Same author

N'-(3-Bromo-5-chloro-2-hy-droxy-benzyl-idene)-2H-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carbo-hydrazide.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2012
Same author

(E)-N'-(5-Bromo-2-meth-oxy-benzyl-idene)isonicotinohydrazide.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2011
Same author

(E)-4-Meth-oxy-N'-(4-nitro-benzyl-idene)benzohydrazide methanol monosolvate.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2011
Same author

(E)-2-Meth-oxy-N'-(4-nitro-benzyl-idene)benzohydrazide.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2011
Same author

(E)-N'-(5-Bromo-2-methoxy-benzyl-idene)-4-methoxy-benzohydrazide.

Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online·2011

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)
06:34

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

Published on: June 20, 2014

(E)-N'-(2-Chloro-5-nitro-benzyl-idene)-4-methoxy-benzohydrazide.

Hong-Yan Ban, Cong-Ming Li

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    The crystal structure of a novel benzohydrazide derivative was determined. Molecules adopt a trans configuration and form hydrogen-bonded chains in the solid state, revealing insights into intermolecular interactions.

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Benzohydrazide derivatives are important scaffolds in medicinal chemistry and materials science.
    • Understanding the solid-state structure is crucial for predicting material properties and designing new compounds.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of a specific C(15)H(12)ClN(3)O(4) compound.
    • To investigate the molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions in the solid state.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles provided conformational details.
    • Intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, were identified and characterized.

    More Related Videos

    Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
    11:45

    Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

    Published on: August 22, 2018

    Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
    19:58

    Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

    Published on: July 30, 2017

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

    Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)
    06:34

    Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

    Published on: June 20, 2014

    Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
    11:45

    Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

    Published on: August 22, 2018

    Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
    19:58

    Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

    Published on: July 30, 2017

    Main Results:

    • The title compound, C(15)H(12)ClN(3)O(4), exhibits a non-planar benzohydrazide group.
    • The molecule adopts a trans configuration around the methylidene unit.
    • A small dihedral angle (0.4°) between the two substituted benzene rings was observed.
    • Intermolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link molecules into chains parallel to the c axis.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a detailed structural characterization of the title compound.
    • The observed molecular conformation and hydrogen bonding patterns offer insights into crystal packing and intermolecular forces.
    • This structural data can inform future research on related benzohydrazide derivatives for potential applications.