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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Acylation of Benzene01:11

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Acylation of Benzene

The Friedel–Crafts acylation reactions involve the addition of an acyl group to an aromatic ring. These reactions proceed via electrophilic aromatic substitution by employing an acyl chloride and a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride to form aryl ketone.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Benzene01:17

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Benzene

Friedel–Crafts reactions were developed in 1877 by the French chemist Charles Friedel and the American chemist James Crafts. Friedel–Crafts alkylation refers to the replacement of an aromatic proton with an alkyl group via electrophilic aromatic substitution. A Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride reacts with an alkyl halide to form a carbocation. The resulting carbocation then reacts with the aromatic ring and undergoes a series of electron rearrangements before giving the final...
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Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

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Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene01:22

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
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Published on: February 6, 2020

Valyl benzyl ester chloride.

Grzegorz Dutkiewicz, B P Siddaraju, H S Yathirajan

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 18, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study details the crystal structure of 1-benz-yloxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-aminium chloride. The structure features planar ester groups and is organized by N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds into chains and eight-membered rings.

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    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Chemical Physics
    • Molecular Structure

    Background:

    • Amino acid derivatives are crucial in biochemistry and drug design.
    • Understanding the solid-state structure of amino acid esters provides insights into their physical and chemical properties.
    • Halide salts of amino acid esters offer unique packing motifs due to ionic and hydrogen bonding interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the detailed crystal structure of 1-benz-yloxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-aminium chloride.
    • To investigate the intermolecular interactions, specifically hydrogen bonding, that govern the crystal packing.
    • To compare the observed packing with related amino acid ester halide structures.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional crystal structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles characterized the molecular geometry.
    • Intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds, were identified and analyzed using crystallographic software.

    Main Results:

    • The ester group in 1-benz-yloxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-aminium chloride is nearly planar.
    • Crystal structure is characterized by N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds forming chains along the b-axis.
    • Chains further assemble into anti-parallel pairs connected by hydrogen bonds, creating eight-membered rings.
    • A short unit-cell parameter of approximately 5.5 Å was observed along the chain direction, consistent with similar compounds.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of 1-benz-yloxy-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-aminium chloride is primarily dictated by N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonding.
    • The observed packing motif, featuring chains and eight-membered rings, is a common feature in amino acid ester halides.
    • This structural information contributes to the understanding of structure-property relationships in this class of compounds.