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Olfaction

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Aromatic Compounds: Overview

In general, the term ‘aromatic’ indicates a pleasant smell or fragrance from fresh flowers, freshly prepared coffee, etc. In the early history of organic chemistry, many benzene derivatives were isolated from the pleasant odor oils of the plants. For example, vanillin was isolated from the oil of vanilla, methyl salicylate from the oil of wintergreen, and cinnamaldehyde from the oil of cinnamon. They all had a pleasant odor; hence the name aromatic was given.
In 1825, Faraday isolated benzene...

¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Homotopic and Heterotopic Protons

¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Homotopic and Heterotopic Protons

Protons in identical electronic environments within a molecule are chemically equivalent and have the same chemical shift. The replacement test is a useful tool to identify chemical equivalence and predict NMR spectra. A substituent replaces each of the protons being examined and the resulting molecules are compared. If the same molecule is obtained, the protons are equivalent or homotopic. Replacement of any hydrogens in ethane by chlorine yields chloroethane because all six protons are...

¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons

¹H NMR Chemical Shift Equivalence: Enantiotopic and Diastereotopic Protons

Replacing each alpha-hydrogen in chloroethane by bromine (or a different functional group) yields a pair of enantiomers. Such protons are called prochiral or enantiotopic and are related by a mirror plane. Enantiotopic protons are chemically equivalent in an achiral environment. Because most proton NMR spectra are recorded using achiral solvents, enantiotopic hydrogens yield a single signal.
In chiral compounds such as 2-butanol, replacing the methylene hydrogens at C3 produces a pair of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation Systems for Olfactory Training and Field Testing

Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation Systems for Olfactory Training and Field Testing

Published on: January 28, 2021

Absolute configuration of odorine.

Hoong-Kun Fun, Suchada Chantrapromma, Orapun Yodsaoue

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online

|May 19, 2011

Summary

Odorine, also known as roxburghiline, is a nitrogenous compound from Aglaia odorata leaves. Its specific molecular structure and configuration were determined using X-ray crystallography.

Area of Science:

Natural Product Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Crystallography

Background:

Aglaia odorata is a plant source of bioactive natural products.
Nitrogenous compounds with complex structures are of interest in medicinal chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

To isolate and characterize the chemical structure of odorine (roxburghiline) from Aglaia odorata.
To determine the absolute stereochemical configuration of odorine.
To investigate the crystal structure and intermolecular interactions of odorine.

Main Methods:

Isolation of the title compound from plant extracts.
X-ray diffraction analysis using Cu Kα radiation.
Refinement of the Flack parameter to establish absolute configuration.

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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

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Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation Systems for Olfactory Training and Field Testing

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Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

Published on: April 23, 2019

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

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Main Results:

The compound odorine (roxburghiline) was isolated and its chemical formula determined as C(18)H(24)N(2)O(2).
The absolute configurations at positions 2 and 2' were determined to be S and R, respectively.
The pyrrolidine ring was found to adopt an envelope conformation.
Intermolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were observed, linking molecules into chains.

Conclusions:

The complete structure and absolute configuration of odorine (roxburghiline) have been elucidated.
The crystal packing reveals specific intermolecular interactions contributing to the solid-state structure.
This detailed structural information is crucial for understanding the compound's properties and potential bioactivity.