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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells and reprogramming: breaking the epigenetic barrier?

Yen-Sin Ang1, Alexandre Gaspar-Maia, Ihor R Lemischka

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Epigenetic regulation, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, is crucial for maintaining stem cell states and reprogramming. Understanding these epigenetic mechanisms is vital for stem cell applications in disease modeling and treatment.

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Cell Surface Marker Mediated Purification of iPS Cell Intermediates from a Reprogrammable Mouse Model
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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology
  • Chromatin Biology
  • Cellular Reprogramming

Background:

  • Epigenetic regulation is essential for maintaining stem cell pluripotency.
  • Chromatin undergoes significant reorganization during embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation and somatic cell reprogramming (SCR).
  • Epigenome remodeling presents a key challenge for efficient SCR.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the key epigenetic mechanisms governing ESC maintenance, differentiation, and SCR.
  • To highlight the role of chromatin modifications in stem cell fate.
  • To discuss pharmacological approaches for manipulating cell fate.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on murine and human ESCs and induced pluripotent stem cells.
  • Analysis of epigenetic modifications: DNA methylation, histone modifications, and histone variant exchange.
  • Examination of chromatin reorganization dynamics during cell fate transitions.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic marks are critical for preserving the ESC state.
  • Dynamic chromatin changes are fundamental to ESC differentiation and SCR.
  • Pharmacological interventions can influence cell fate decisions.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms are central to stem cell pluripotency and plasticity.
  • Targeting epigenetic pathways offers potential for therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine.
  • Further research into epigenome remodeling is crucial for advancing SCR efficiency.