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Related Concept Videos

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists are agents that interact with the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the synaptic cleft, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetate. Consequently, the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft increases. These agonists can be classified into reversible and irreversible inhibitors based on their duration of action.
Reversible inhibitors display short to medium durations of action. Short-acting agents include simple alcohols with...
Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic antagonists bind to cholinergic receptors and limit the effects of acetylcholine and other cholinergic agonists. Based on the specific cholinergic receptor affinity, these antagonists are classified as muscarinic or nicotinic. Anticholinergics interrupt parasympathetic innervations while sympathetic innervations remain uninterrupted. Muscarinic antagonists are also called 'muscarinic antagonists', 'antimuscarinics', or 'parasympatholytics'. Nicotinic antagonists are called...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:22

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic agonists or cholinomimetics mimic the action of acetylcholine to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. They are categorized into direct-acting and indirect-acting agents. The direct-acting cholinergic drugs induce the parasympathetic response by directly binding to the muscarinic or nicotine receptors. In comparison, the indirect-acting cholinergic drugs prevent acetylcholine hydrolysis, indirectly contributing to the extended parasympathetic response.
The direct-acting...
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Mechanism of Action01:18

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Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists work by interacting with an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic cleft. They can be reversible or irreversible inhibitors and have different effects on the enzyme.
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Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics01:24

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations,  while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the conjunctiva.
MOSFET: Enhancement Mode01:22

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Enhancement-mode MOSFETs are pivotal components in electronics, distinguished by their capacity to act as highly efficient switches. They are part of the larger family of metal-oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs). They are available in two types: p-channel and n-channel, each tailored to specific polarity operations.
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An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation
10:33

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

Published on: February 27, 2019

Fast-switching bistable cholesteric intensity modulator.

Yu-Cheng Hsiao1, Chen-Yu Tang, Wei Lee

  • 1Department of Physics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan.

Optics Express
|June 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study demonstrates a fast-switching bistable optical modulator using dual-frequency cholesteric liquid crystals. The device achieves rapid, low-power, two-way state transitions for potential display applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Optoelectronics
  • Physics

Background:

  • Bistable optical devices are crucial for low-power displays.
  • Existing cholesteric liquid crystal devices often have slow switching times or require continuous voltage.
  • Achieving direct, fast, two-way switching between stable states remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel fast-switching bistable optical intensity modulator.
  • To utilize dual-frequency cholesteric liquid crystals for direct state transitions.
  • To achieve low energy consumption by eliminating the need for holding voltage.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a dual-frequency cholesteric liquid crystal material.
  • Engineered the device for direct switching between scattering focal conic and transparent planar states.
  • Characterized the transition times and bistability of the optical states.

Main Results:

  • Successfully demonstrated a bistable optical intensity modulator.
  • Achieved direct two-way transitions between focal conic and planar states.
  • Recorded a remarkably short transition time of 10 ms from focal conic to planar state.
  • The device requires no applied voltage to maintain optical states, ensuring low power consumption.

Conclusions:

  • The developed device offers a significant advancement in fast-switching bistable optical modulators.
  • Its direct two-way switching capability and low power consumption present promising potential for various applications.
  • Further exploration into specific applications, such as displays and optical switches, is warranted.