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Related Concept Videos

Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
07:45

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach

Published on: November 28, 2025

[When and how to manage thyroid nodules?].

Michel Procopiou1

  • 1Endocrinologie et Diabétologie, Hôpital de la Providence, Neuchâtel. procopiou@gmail.com

Therapeutische Umschau. Revue Therapeutique
|June 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Most thyroid nodules are benign and rarely cancerous. A diagnostic strategy involving ultrasound, TSH level measurement, and fine needle aspiration helps exclude rare thyroid cancers.

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Mixed Reality Assisted Radical Endoscopic Thyroidectomy
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Mixed Reality Assisted Radical Endoscopic Thyroidectomy

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"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Radiology

Context:

  • Thyroid nodules are common, especially in women, with increasing prevalence by age.
  • Over 95% of thyroid nodules are benign, posing no significant health risks.
  • Malignant thyroid cancer is rare, necessitating a clear diagnostic pathway.

Purpose:

  • To outline a diagnostic strategy for thyroid nodules.
  • To differentiate benign nodules from rare thyroid cancers.
  • To guide clinical decisions regarding follow-up or surgical intervention.

Summary:

  • Thyroid ultrasound confirms nodule origin, size, and presence of suspicious lymph nodes.
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels guide further investigation.
  • Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is indicated for nodules >1.0-1.5 cm with normal TSH, with results determining management.

Impact:

  • Establishes a cost-effective approach to thyroid nodule evaluation.
  • Reduces unnecessary procedures by identifying the role of FNA and cytology.
  • Highlights the limited utility of thyroid scans except in specific hyperthyroid cases.