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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

[Hypothyroidism].

Henryk Zulewski1

  • 1Klinik für Endokrinologie, Diabetes und Metabolismus, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel. henryk.zulewski@unibas.ch

Therapeutische Umschau. Revue Therapeutique
|June 10, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypothyroidism, a common endocrine disorder, often presents as subclinical hypothyroidism. Diagnosis and treatment focus on symptomatic individuals and those with risk factors, with thyroxine (T4) as the primary treatment.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine

Context:

  • Hypothyroidism affects 4.6% of adults, with 90% being subclinical (elevated TSH, normal fT4).
  • General screening is not recommended; focus should be on patients with symptoms or risk factors.
  • Diagnosis relies on TSH and fT4 measurements, especially in complex cases like non-thyroidal illness or secondary hypothyroidism.

Purpose:

  • To outline diagnostic criteria for hypothyroidism, distinguishing between primary and secondary forms.
  • To provide guidance on treatment indications for subclinical hypothyroidism.
  • To recommend optimal treatment strategies and dosage for hypothyroidism.

Summary:

  • Subclinical hypothyroidism with TSH > 10 mU/l warrants treatment. Values between 4-10 mU/l require individualized assessment based on symptoms.
  • Specific patient groups, including pregnant women and those with goiter, should be treated regardless of symptoms.
  • Thyroxine (T4) monotherapy is the preferred treatment; combination therapy offers no advantage. Dosage recommendations are provided based on age and health status.

Impact:

  • Informs clinical practice regarding the diagnosis and management of hypothyroidism.
  • Highlights the importance of targeted screening and individualized treatment approaches.
  • Establishes evidence-based guidelines for thyroxine replacement therapy.