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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

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What is Genetic Engineering?

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: October 5, 2011

Technical advances to genetically engineering human embryonic stem cells.

Julien Jean Pierre Maury¹, Andre Boon-Hwa Choo, Ken Kwok-Keung Chan

¹Stem Cell Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668.

Integrative Biology : Quantitative Biosciences From Nano to Macro

|June 14, 2011

Summary

Genetically engineering human embryonic stem cells (hESC) is crucial for development research and regenerative medicine. This review covers methods for stable gene insertion/deletion in hESC, discussing challenges and new tools.

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Area of Science:

Stem cell biology
Genetic engineering
Developmental biology

Background:

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) are vital for studying human development and serve as a cell source for regenerative medicine.
Genetic engineering of hESC is essential for understanding gene regulation and cell development.
Various genetic modification techniques exist, each with unique advantages and limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review methodologies for genetically engineering hESC for stable gene insertion or deletion.
To discuss challenges associated with established genetic engineering techniques.
To examine recent advancements and future opportunities in hESC genetic modification.

Main Methods:

Review of established techniques: lentivirus and Cre/loxP system.
Examination of advanced genetic modification tools: phiC31 integrase, PiggyBac transposase, and zinc finger nucleases.
Analysis of different modification strategies: unidirectional/reversible, site-specific, and endogenous/pre-engineered DNA modification.

Main Results:

Established methods like lentivirus and Cre/loxP have known challenges.
Newer tools such as phiC31 integrase, PiggyBac transposase, and zinc finger nucleases offer improved capabilities.
Different techniques allow for precise control over gene insertion and deletion.

Conclusions:

Genetic engineering of hESC is a critical resource for basic and clinical research.
Ongoing advancements in genetic modification tools enhance the potential for hESC applications.
Future developments promise expanded opportunities for therapeutic and basic research using genetically modified hESC.