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Related Concept Videos

Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
Pyruvate Oxidation01:15

Pyruvate Oxidation

After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria via active transport and undergo three enzymatic reactions. These reactions ensure that pyruvate can enter the next metabolic pathway so that energy stored in the pyruvate molecules can be harnessed by the cells.
First, the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate and releases it as carbon dioxide. The stripped molecule is then oxidized and releases electrons, which are then picked up by NAD+...
What is Glycolysis?00:56

What is Glycolysis?

Overview
Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts "food energy" (from the chemical bonds of macromolecules) into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The first step of this tightly regulated and intricate process is glycolysis. The word glycolysis originates from the Latin glyco (sugar) and lysis (breakdown). Glycolysis serves two main intracellular functions: generating ATP and generating...
Respiration Pathways01:26

Respiration Pathways

Cellular respiration is a fundamental metabolic process that enables organisms to generate energy from organic molecules. One of its central pathways is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, which plays a crucial role in energy production and biosynthetic processes.Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoAThe pyruvate generated from glycolysis undergoes oxidative decarboxylation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, producing acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH, and one...
Other Glycolytic Pathways01:24

Other Glycolytic Pathways

The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
Glycolysis: Pay-off Phase01:25

Glycolysis: Pay-off Phase

So far, glycolysis has cost the cell two ATP molecules and produced two small, three-carbon sugar molecules. These molecules will proceed through the second half of the pathway, and sufficient energy will be extracted to pay back the two ATP molecules used as an initial investment and produce a profit for the cell of two additional ATP molecules and two even higher-energy NADH molecules.
Step 1 - 5: Glycolysis Preparatory Phase
The first phase of glycolysis has 5 steps where the glucose is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Investigating Cardiac Metabolism in the Isolated Perfused Mouse Heart with Hyperpolarized [1-13C]Pyruvate and 13C/31P NMR Spectroscopy
14:56

Investigating Cardiac Metabolism in the Isolated Perfused Mouse Heart with Hyperpolarized [1-13C]Pyruvate and 13C/31P NMR Spectroscopy

Published on: April 21, 2023

Transpulmonary pyruvate kinetics.

Matthew L Johnson1, Rajaa Hussien, Michael A Horning

  • 1Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley California, USA.

American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
|June 17, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The lungs extract significant amounts of pyruvate during circulation, especially during epinephrine stimulation. This pyruvate uptake by lung tissue is mediated by monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs).

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Investigating Cardiac Metabolism in the Isolated Perfused Mouse Heart with Hyperpolarized [1-13C]Pyruvate and 13C/31P NMR Spectroscopy
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Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate
06:47

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate

Published on: December 12, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Metabolic Physiology
  • Cardiopulmonary Function
  • Tracer Kinetics

Background:

  • Pyruvate shuttling is crucial for tissue energy and biosynthesis.
  • Tracer kinetic studies measure substrate metabolism during simultaneous uptake and release.
  • The lungs process the entire cardiac output, making them a potential site for intermediary metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate transpulmonary pyruvate kinetics in rats under different physiological conditions.
  • To determine if the lungs contribute significantly to whole-body pyruvate metabolism.
  • To explore the role of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in pulmonary pyruvate extraction.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a primed-continuous infusion of [U-¹³C]pyruvate in anesthetized rats.
  • Measured transpulmonary pyruvate kinetics under unstimulated, lactate clamp, and epinephrine infusion conditions.
  • Analyzed pyruvate concentrations, net balances, fractional extraction, and MCT isoform expression via Western blot.

Main Results:

  • Net pyruvate uptake occurred across the lungs in all conditions, significantly increasing with epinephrine.
  • Pyruvate fractional extraction averaged 42.8%, higher during epinephrine stimulation.
  • Pyruvate total release was substantially elevated during epinephrine infusion compared to unstimulated conditions.
  • Pulmonary expression of MCT1, MCT2, and MCT4 was detected.

Conclusions:

  • The lungs are a major site for circulating pyruvate extraction.
  • Pulmonary pyruvate extraction increases during epinephrine stimulation and elevated circulating lactate/pyruvate.
  • Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) likely mediate significant pyruvate uptake in the lungs.