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Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants


Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating sympathetic or...
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Drug Dependence

Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
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CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

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Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System
10:44

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System

Published on: May 24, 2017

Virtual reality exposure on nicotine craving.

Pedro Gamito1, Jorge Oliveira, André Baptista

  • 1University Lusófona of Humanities and Technologies, Lisbon, Portugal. pedro.gamito@ulusofona.pt

Studies in Health Technology and Informatics
|June 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Virtual Reality (VR) environments can effectively increase smoking cravings in individuals with nicotine dependence. This study found that exposure to high-arousal VR scenarios significantly boosted cravings in smokers, supporting VR

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Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure
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Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure

Published on: January 18, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System
10:44

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System

Published on: May 24, 2017

Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure
08:20

Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure

Published on: January 18, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Psychology
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Addiction Medicine

Background:

  • Nicotine dependence treatment is evolving, incorporating novel Virtual Reality (VR) techniques.
  • VR exposure therapy aims to simulate smoking-related cues to induce cravings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a virtual platform for inducing smoking cravings.
  • To assess the impact of different VR environments on craving levels.

Main Methods:

  • Sixty undergraduate students were randomized into high-arousal and low-arousal VR environments.
  • Psychophysiological activation and self-report measures assessed craving and nicotine dependence.
  • Assessments were conducted pre- and post-VR exposure.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in psychophysiological activation between smokers and non-smokers.
  • Smokers reported a significant increase in craving after exposure to high-arousal VR environments.
  • VR exposure to high-arousal cues effectively induced cravings in smokers.

Conclusions:

  • Virtual environments show promise as a tool for smoking cessation programs.
  • VR-induced cravings can be a valuable component of addiction treatment.
  • High-arousal VR scenarios are particularly effective in triggering smoking urges.