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Related Concept Videos

Organic Compounds03:02

Organic Compounds

All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

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Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Production of Alcohol01:27

Production of Alcohol

Continuous fermentation is a key strategy in industrial ethanol production, particularly when efficiency, scalability, and high yields are essential. This approach allows for uninterrupted operation and optimized resource utilization. The primary feedstock, corn starch, undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis facilitated by α-amylase and glucoamylase. These enzymes break down the starch into fermentable sugars such as glucose, which are readily assimilated by fermentative microorganisms.Fermentation...
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Similar to water, alcohols can add to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehydes and ketones. The addition of one molecule of alcohol to the carbonyl compound forms the hemiacetal or half acetal. As depicted below, in a hemiacetal, the carbon is directly linked to an OH and OR group.
Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis01:12

Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis

Alcoholysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which an alcohol functions as a nucleophile. Acid halides react with alcohol to produce esters. The mechanism proceeds in three steps:
Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.

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Microdialysis of Ethanol During Operant Ethanol Self-administration and Ethanol Determination by Gas Chromatography
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Published on: September 5, 2012

[Ethanol, sugar, acid and coma].

H Meier1, S Gschwend, S Raimondi

  • 1Interdisziplinäre Intensivstation, Stadtspital Waid Zürich.

Praxis
|June 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This case study highlights alcoholic ketoacidosis, a metabolic disorder often missed in patients with chronic alcoholism presenting with severe acidosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing this condition.

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Area of Science:

  • Internal Medicine
  • Biochemistry
  • Acid-Base Balance

Background:

  • Chronic alcoholism is a significant risk factor for various metabolic disturbances.
  • Metabolic acidosis with an increased anion gap can have multiple etiologies.
  • Alcoholic ketoacidosis is an underdiagnosed condition in clinical practice.

Observation:

  • A 46-year-old female with a history of chronic alcoholism presented with severe metabolic acidosis and elevated anion gap.
  • Symptoms included persistent vomiting, which did not resolve the acidosis.
  • Significantly elevated serum beta-hydroxybutyrate levels were noted.

Findings:

  • Common causes of metabolic acidosis were systematically excluded.
  • The diagnostic criteria for alcoholic ketoacidosis were met.
  • The patient's presentation was consistent with this specific metabolic derangement.

Implications:

  • Increased awareness of alcoholic ketoacidosis is needed among clinicians.
  • Understanding the pathophysiology is key to accurate diagnosis and management.
  • Prompt recognition can prevent severe complications associated with metabolic acidosis.