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Related Concept Videos

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error00:59

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...
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Uncertainty: Overview

In analytical chemistry, we often perform repetitive measurements to detect and minimize inaccuracies caused by both determinate and indeterminate errors. Despite the cares we take, the presence of random errors means that repeated measurements almost never have exactly the same magnitude. The collective difference between these measurements - observed values - and the estimated or expected value is called uncertainty. Uncertainty is conventionally written after the estimated or expected value.
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra. Schrödinger...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Fully distrustful quantum bit commitment and coin flipping.

J Silman1, A Chailloux, N Aharon

  • 1Laboratoire d'Information Quantique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.

Physical Review Letters
|June 28, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a device-independent bit commitment protocol, enhancing security in distrustful quantum cryptography. It enables "fully" distrustful protocols, improving upon existing models.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Cryptography
  • Information Security
  • Theoretical Computer Science

Background:

  • The distrustful quantum cryptography model assumes parties distrust each other but trust their quantum devices.
  • The device-independent approach aims to remove the trust in quantum devices, enhancing security.
  • It remains an open question if device-independence can be applied to the distrustful model for "fully" distrustful protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the applicability of device-independent cryptography within the distrustful quantum cryptography model.
  • To develop a device-independent protocol for bit commitment, a fundamental cryptographic primitive.
  • To construct a device-independent coin flipping protocol based on the bit commitment protocol.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a device-independent (imperfect) bit-commitment protocol.
  • Analysis of cheating probabilities for protocol participants Alice and Bob.
  • Construction of a device-independent coin flipping protocol utilizing the bit commitment protocol.

Main Results:

  • A device-independent bit commitment protocol was presented with specific cheating probabilities for Alice (≃0.854) and Bob (3/4).
  • This protocol was successfully used to construct a device-independent coin flipping protocol.
  • The resulting coin flipping protocol exhibits a bias of ≲0.336.

Conclusions:

  • Device-independent cryptography can be successfully applied to the distrustful quantum cryptography model for bit commitment.
  • The developed protocols represent a step towards "fully" distrustful cryptographic systems.
  • The findings advance the security and applicability of quantum cryptographic protocols.