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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I01:14

Cranial Nerves: Types Part I

Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
Olfactory Nerve (Cranial Nerve I)
The olfactory nerve, or cranial nerve I, is unique as it is purely sensory and dedicated to the sense of smell. This nerve originates in the olfactory epithelium of the...
Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) alone accounts for approximately 75...
Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

Cranial Nerves: Types Part II

Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
Cranial nerve VII, or the facial nerve,...
Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy01:19

Cranial Nerves: Overview and Anatomy

The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
The Physiology of Taste01:24

The Physiology of Taste

The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the diffusion of...
Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation
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Published on: November 26, 2019

The trigeminal circuits responsible for chewing.

Karl-Gunnar Westberg1, Arlette Kolta

  • 1Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.

International Review of Neurobiology
|June 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mastication involves complex muscle activation and jaw movements controlled by a central pattern generator (CPG) in the brainstem. Sensory feedback and higher brain centers adapt these chewing movements to food properties for efficient digestion.

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Published on: August 1, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Physiology
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Mastication is essential for food breakdown and digestion.
  • Oro-facial motor functions, including chewing, are complex processes.
  • Understanding the neural control of mastication is crucial for physiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review masticatory behavior, focusing on muscle activation and jaw movements.
  • To provide an overview of trigeminal neuronal circuits involved in mastication.
  • To explain the neural generation and control of oro-facial motor functions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on masticatory behavior.
  • Analysis of muscle activation patterns and jaw movements during mastication.
  • Overview of the organization and function of trigeminal neuronal circuits.

Main Results:

  • Mastication involves rhythmic jaw movements generated by a Central Pattern Generator (CPG) in the pons and medulla.
  • CPG neurons possess intrinsic properties for rhythmic activity.
  • Chewing patterns are modulated by descending inputs from higher brain centers and sensory feedback.

Conclusions:

  • The Central Pattern Generator (CPG) is key to rhythmic jaw movements in mastication.
  • Sensory feedback and central nervous system modulation allow adaptation of chewing to food properties.
  • Trigeminal neuronal circuits play a vital role in controlling mastication.