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Related Concept Videos

RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA has a double-helix structure. The...
RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

A Rapid High-throughput Method for Mapping Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) on Human pre-mRNA
13:00

A Rapid High-throughput Method for Mapping Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) on Human pre-mRNA

Published on: December 2, 2009

RNA in pieces.

Alex C Tuck1, David Tollervey

  • 1Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK.

Trends in Genetics : TIG
|July 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Eukaryotic cells utilize RNA fragments derived from messenger RNAs and other transcripts. This RNA fragmentation expands the cellular transcriptome and redefines the concept of a gene.

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AQRNA-seq for Quantifying Small RNAs
05:12

AQRNA-seq for Quantifying Small RNAs

Published on: February 2, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

A Rapid High-throughput Method for Mapping Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) on Human pre-mRNA
13:00

A Rapid High-throughput Method for Mapping Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) on Human pre-mRNA

Published on: December 2, 2009

AQRNA-seq for Quantifying Small RNAs
05:12

AQRNA-seq for Quantifying Small RNAs

Published on: February 2, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Transcriptomics

Background:

  • Eukaryotic genomes contain diverse DNA and RNA sequence elements.
  • Multiple transcripts from a single locus can utilize common sequences for distinct biological roles.
  • Overlapping sequence elements are common in eukaryotic gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phenomenon of post-transcriptional RNA cleavage.
  • To understand the functional implications of RNA fragments.
  • To re-evaluate the definition of a gene in light of widespread RNA fragmentation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of transcript processing pathways.
  • Identification and characterization of RNA fragments.
  • Comparative genomics to assess sequence element usage.

Main Results:

  • Many eukaryotic transcripts, including messenger RNAs, undergo post-transcriptional cleavage.
  • Specific RNA fragments are released and can function independently.
  • RNA fragmentation is a widespread phenomenon in eukaryotic cells.

Conclusions:

  • RNA fragmentation significantly expands the repertoire of functional RNA molecules.
  • The concept of a gene requires re-evaluation due to overlapping elements and fragment functions.
  • Widespread RNA fragmentation challenges traditional gene definition models.